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Unpacking the link between socioeconomic status and behavior problems: A second-order meta-analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2018

Kevin M. Korous ,
José M. Causadias ,
Robert H. Bradley  and
Suniya S. Luthar
Kevin M. Korous*
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
José M. Causadias
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Robert H. Bradley
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Suniya S. Luthar
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Kevin M. Korous, T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Cowden Family Resources Building, 850 South Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281; E-mail: kkorous@asu.edu.
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Abstract

Substantial evidence links socioeconomic status to internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. However, it is unclear how these two categories of behavior problems relate to specific components of socioeconomic status (e.g., income, educational attainment, and occupational prestige) or overall social status. In this study, we conducted a second-order meta-analysis to estimate the average associations of income, education, occupation, and overall socioeconomic status with internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, and to examine if age, sex, and race/ethnicity moderated these associations. Our systematic search in PsycINFO, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global identified 12 meta-analyses (17% unpublished), including approximately 474 primary studies and 327,617 participants. In relation to internalizing, we found small average associations with income, r+ = –.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) [–.31, –.04], and education, r+ = –.12, 95% CI [–.15, –.09]. In relation to externalizing, we found smaller associations with income, r+ = –.02, 95% CI [–.15, .10], education, r+ = –.03, 95% CI [–.16, .10], and overall socioeconomic status, r+ = –.05, 95% CI [–.11, .01], but these CIs included zero. Only sex composition of the samples moderated the latter association. We provide recommendations for best practices and future research directions.

Type
Special Issue Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 30 , Special Issue 5: Cultural Development and Psychopathology , December 2018 , pp. 1889 - 1906
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

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Footnotes

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. We thank Gary Evans for his feedback on an earlier version of this manuscript. We also thank Karina Cahill, Annabella Gallagher, and Hannah Pyatetskiy for assisting with coding.

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