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Biological sensitivity to context: A test of the hypothesized U-shaped relation between early adversity and stress responsivity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 July 2019

Nila Shakiba ,
Bruce J. Ellis ,
Nicole R. Bush  and
W. Thomas Boyce
Nila Shakiba*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Bruce J. Ellis
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Nicole R. Bush
Affiliation:
Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Division of Developmental Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
W. Thomas Boyce
Affiliation:
Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Division of Developmental Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Nila Shakiba, Department of Psychology, 380 South 1530 East, BEH S Room 502, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112; E-mail: nila.shakiba@psych.utah.edu.
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Abstract

We conducted signal detection analyses to test for curvilinear, U-shaped relations between early experiences of adversity and heightened physiological responses to challenge, as proposed by biological sensitivity to context theory. Based on analysis of an ethnically diverse sample of 338 kindergarten children (4–6 years old) and their families, we identified levels and types of adversity that, singly and interactively, predicted high (top 25%) and low (bottom 25%) rates of stress reactivity. The results offered support for the hypothesized U-shaped curve and conceptually replicated and extended the work of Ellis, Essex, and Boyce (2005). Across both sympathetic and adrenocortical systems, a disproportionate number of children growing up under conditions characterized by either low or high adversity (as indexed by restrictive parenting, family stress, and family economic condition) displayed heightened stress reactivity, compared with peers growing up under conditions of moderate adversity. Finally, as hypothesized by the adaptive calibration model, a disproportionate number of children who experienced exceptionally stressful family conditions displayed blunted cortisol reactivity to stress.

Keywords

autonomic nervous systembiological sensitivity to contextearly adversityhypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axisstress reactivity
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 32 , Issue 2 , May 2020 , pp. 641 - 660
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

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