Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T08:01:18.006Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Developmental cascade effects of a parenting-focused program for divorced families on competence in emerging adulthood

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 April 2020

Sharlene A. Wolchik Open the ORCID record for Sharlene A. Wolchik [Opens in a new window] ,
Jenn-Yun Tein ,
Emily Winslow ,
Jessy Minney ,
Irwin N. Sandler  and
Ann S. Masten
Sharlene A. Wolchik*
Affiliation:
REACH Institute, Psychology Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
Jenn-Yun Tein
Affiliation:
REACH Institute, Psychology Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
Emily Winslow
Affiliation:
REACH Institute, Psychology Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
Jessy Minney
Affiliation:
REACH Institute, Psychology Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
Irwin N. Sandler
Affiliation:
REACH Institute, Psychology Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
Ann S. Masten
Affiliation:
Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Sharlene A. Wolchik, REACH Institute, Psychology Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85281; E-mail: sharlene.wolchik@asu.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This 15-year longitudinal follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of a parenting-focused preventive intervention for divorced families examined cascade models of program effects on offsprings’ competence. It was hypothesized that intervention-induced improvements in parenting would lead to better academic, work, peer, and romantic competence in emerging adulthood through effects on behavior problems and competencies during adolescence. Families (N = 240) participated in the 11-session program or literature control condition when children were ages 9–12. Data were drawn from assessments at pretest, posttest, and follow-ups at 3 and 6 months and 6 and 15 years. Results showed that initial intervention effects of parenting on externalizing problems in adolescence cascaded to work outcomes in adulthood. Parenting effects also directly impacted work success. For work outcomes and peer competence, intervention effects were moderated by initial risk level; the program had greater effects on youths with higher risk at program entry. In addition, intervention effects on parenting led to fewer externalizing problems that in turn cascaded to better academic outcomes, which showed continuity into emerging adulthood. Results highlight the potential for intervention effects of the New Beginnings Program to cascade over time to affect adult competence in multiple domains, particularly for high-risk youths.

Keywords

cascade effectscompetencedivorceemerging adulthoodparenting-after-divorce programs
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 33 , Issue 1 , February 2021 , pp. 201 - 215
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M. (1991a). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychology.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M. (1991b). Manual for the Youth Self-Report and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1983). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Amato, P. R. (2001). Children of divorce in the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 355–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amato, P. R. (2006). Marital discord, divorce, and children's well-being: Results from a 20-year longitudinal study of two generations. In Clarke-Stewart, A. & Dunn, J. (Eds.), The Jacobs Foundation series on adolescence. Families count: Effects on child and adolescent development (pp. 179–202). New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amato, P. R., & Anthony, C. J. (2014). Estimating the effects of parental divorce and death with fixed effects models. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76, 370–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnett, J. J., & Tanner, J. L. (Eds.). (2006). Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Ayers, T. S., Sandler, I. N., West, S. G., & Roosa, M. W. (1996). A dispositional and situational assessment of children's coping: Testing alternative models of coping. Journal of Personality, 64, 923–958.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, H., & Olson, D. H. (1982). Parent–adolescent communication. In Olson, D., McCubbin, H., Barnes, H., Larsen, A., Muxen, M., & Wilson, M. (Eds.), Family inventories (pp. 33–49). St. Paul, MN: Family Social Sciences.Google Scholar
Barrett, A. E., & Turner, R. J. (2006). Family structure and substance use problems in adolescence and emerging adulthood: Examining explanations for the relationship. Addiction, 101, 109–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monographs, 4, 1–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhushan, R., & Shirali, K. A. (1992). Family types and communication with parents: A comparison of youth at different identity levels. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21, 687–697.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, S. L., & Rinelli, L. N. (2010). Family structure, family processes, and adolescent smoking and drinking. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, 259–273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, F. A., Ramey, C. T., Pungello, E., Sparling, J., & Miller-Johnson, S. (2002). Early childhood education: Young adult outcomes from the Abecedarian Project. Applied Developmental Science, 6, 42–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capaldi, D., & Stoolmiller, M. (1999). Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: III. Prediction to young-adult adjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 59–84.Google ScholarPubMed
Cherlin, A. J., Chase-Lansdale, P. L., & McRae, C. (1998). Effects of parental divorce on mental health throughout the life course. American Sociological Review, 63, 239–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chow, A., Galambos, N. L., & Krahn, H. J. (2017). Work values during the transitition to adulthood and mid-life satisfaction: Cascading effects across 25 years. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41, 105–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christopher, C., Wolchik, S. A., Tein, J.-Y., Carr, C., Mahrer, N. E., & Sandler, I. (2017). Long-term effects of a parenting preventive intervention on young adults’ painful feelings about divorce. Journal of Family Psychology, 31, 799–809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Schneider-Rosen, K. (1986). An organizational approach to childhood depression. In Rutter, M., Izard, C. E., & Read, P. B. (Eds.), Depression in young people, clinical and developmental perspectives (pp. 71–134). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Coatsworth, D., & Sandler, I. N. (1993). Multi-rater measurement of competence in children of divorce. In Biennial Conference of the Society for Community Research and Action, Williamsburg, VA.Google Scholar
Cohen, J., Taborga, M., Dawson, S., & Wolchik, S. A. (2000). Do family routines buffer the effects of divorce stressors on children's symptomatology? Presented at the Society for Prevention Research. Montreal, Canada.Google Scholar
Coie, J. D., Watt, N. F., West, S. G., Hawkins, J. D., Asarnow, J. R., Markman, H. J., … Long, B. (1993). The science of prevention: A conceptual framework and some directions for a national research program. American Psychologist, 48, 1013–1022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crosbie-Burnett, M., & Newcomer, L. L. (1990). Group counseling children of divorce: The effects of a multimodal intervention. Journal of Divorce, 13, 69–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson-McClure, S. R., Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S. A., & Millsao, R. E. (2004). Risk as a moderator of the effects of prevention programs for children from divorced families: A six-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32, 175–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Day, J. C., & Newburger, E. C. (2002) The big payoff: Educational attainment and synthetic estimates of work-life earnings. Current Population Reports. U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Donahue, K. L., D'Onofrio, B. M., Bates, J. E., Lansford, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G. S. (2010). Early exposure to parents’ relationship instability: Implications for sexual behavior and depression in adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 47, 547–554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doty, J. L., Davis, L., & Arditti, J. A. (2017). Cascading resilience: Leverage points in promoting parent and child well-being. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 9, 111–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elder, G. H. (2002) Historical times and lives: A journey through time and space. In Phelps, E., Furstenberg, F. F., & Colby, A. (Eds.), Looking at lives: American logitudinal studies of the twentieth century. (pp. 194–218). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Erdogan, B., Bauer, T. N., Truxillo, D. M., & Mansfield, L. R. (2012). Whistle while you work:A review of the life satisfaction literature. Journal of Management, 38, 1038–1083.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forgatch, M. S., & DeGarmo, D. S. (1999). Parenting through change: An effective prevention program for single mothers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 711–724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forgatch, M. S., Patterson, G. R., Degarmo, D. S., & Beldavs, Z. G. (2009). Testing the Oregon delinquency model with 9-year follow-up of the Oregon Divorce Study. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 637–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forman, S., Olin, S. S., Hoagwood, K., Crowe, M., & Saka, N. (2009). Evidence-based interventions in schools: Developers’ views of implementation barriers and facilitators. School Mental Health, 1, 26–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fosco, G., Seeley, J., Dishion, T., Smolkowski, K., Stormshak, E., Downey-McCarthy, R., … Strycker, L. (2014). Lessons learned from scaling up the ecological approach to family interventions and treatment program in middle schools. In Weist, M. D., Lever, N. A., Bradshaw, C. P., & Owens, J. S. (Eds.), Handbook of school mental health (pp. 237–251). New York, NY: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
French, M. T., Homer, J. F., Popovici, I., & Robins, P. K. (2015). What you do in high school matters: High school GPA, educational attainment, and labor market earnings as a young adult. Eastern Economic Journal, 41, 370–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gähler, M., Hong, Y., & Bernhardt, E. (2009). Parental divorce and union disruption among young adults in Sweden. Journal of Family Issues, 30, 688–713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, J. (2009). Missing data analysis: Making it work in the real world. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 549–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawkins, J., Kosterman, R., Catalano, R. F., Hill, K. G., & Abbott, R. D. (2005). Promoting positive adult functioning through social development intervention in childhood: Long-term effects from the Seattle social development project. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159, 25–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawkins, J., Kosterman, R., Catalano, R. F., Hill, K. G., & Abbott, R. D. (2008). Effects of social development intervention in childhood 15 years later. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162, 1133–1141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herman, P., Mahrer, N. E., Wolchik, S. A., Porter, M. M., Jones, S., & Sandler, I. N. (2015). Cost-benefit of a preventive intervention for divorced families: Reduction in mental health and justice system service use costs 15 years later. Prevention Science, 16, 586–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, K., Bailey, J., Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R., Kosterman, R., Oesterle, S., & Abbott, R. (2014). The onset of STI diagnosis through age 30: Results from the Seattle Social Development Project Intervention. Prevention Science, 15, 19–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, L. T., and Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hussong, A. M., & Chassin, L. (2004). Stress and coping among children of alcoholic parents through the young adult transition. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 985–1006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Institute of Medicine. (1994). Reducing risks for mental disorders: Frontiers for preventative intervention research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine. (2014). Considerations in applying benefit-cost analysis to preventive interventions for children, youth and families. Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies of Science.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine & National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Research on children & adolescents with mental, behavioral, & developmental disorders: Mobilizing a national initiative: Report of a study. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute of Mental Health.Google Scholar
Jensen, E. S., Boyce, W. T., & Hartnett, S. A. (1983). The Family Routines Inventory: Development and validation. Social Science Medicine, 17, 201–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, M. K., & Mortimer, J. T. (2011). Origins and outcomes of judgments about work. Social Forces, 89, 1239–1260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnston, L. D., Bachman, J. G., & O'Malley, P. M. (1993). Monitoring the future: Questionnaire responses from the nation's high school seniors. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Survey Research Center.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., … & Benjet, C. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197, 378–385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, H. S. (2011). Consequences of parental divorce for child development. American Sociological Review, 76, 487–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovacs, M. (1981). Rating scales to assess depression in school aged children. Acta Paedopsychiatry, 46, 305–315.Google ScholarPubMed
Kreider, R., & Ellis, R. (2011) Living arrangements of children: 2009 (Report number 70–126). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.Google Scholar
Kunz, J. (2001). Parental divorce and children's interpersonal relationships: A meta-analysis. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 34, 19–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lacey, R. E., Kumari, M., & McMunn, A. (2013). Parental separation in childhood and adult inflammation: The importance of material and psychosocial pathways. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 2476–2484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, K., & Halfon, N. (2013). Parental divorce and adult longevity. International Journal of Public Health, 58, 89–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lord, F. M., & Novick, M. R. (1968.) Statistical theories of mental test scores. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. F., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test the significance of the mediated effect. Psychological Methods, 7, 83–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahrer, M. E., Winslow, E., Wolchik, S. A., Tein, J. Y., & Sandler, I. N. (2014). Effects of a preventive parenting intervention for divorced families on the intergenerational transmission of parenting attitudes in young adult offspring. Child Development, 85, 2091–2015.Google ScholarPubMed
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227–238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masten, A. S., Burt, K. B., & Coatsworth, J. D. (2006). Competence and psychopathology in development. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 3. Risk, disorder, and adaptation (2nd ed., pp. 696–738). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S., Burt, K. B., Roisman, G. I., Obradović, J., Long, J. D., & Tellegen, A. (2004). Resources and resilience in the transition to adulthood: Continuity and change. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 1071–1094.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Developmental cascades. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 491–495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masten, A. S., Coatsworth, J. D., Neemann, J., Gest, S. D., Tellegen, A., & Garmezy, N. (1995). The structure and coherence of competence from childhood through adolescence. Child Development, 66, 1635–1659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masten, A. S., Desjardins, C. D., McCormick, C. M., Kuo, S. I. C., & Long, J. D. (2010). The significance of childhood competence and problems for adult success in work: A developmental cascade analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 679–694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masten, A. S., & Palmer, A. R. (2019). Parenting to promote resilience in children. In Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (3rd ed., Vol. 5. The practice of parenting, pp. 156–188). New York, NY: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masten, A. S., Roisman, G. I., Long, J. D., Burt, K. B., Obradović, J., Riley, J. R., … Tellegen, A. (2005). Developmental cascades: Linking academic achievement and externalizing and internalizing symptoms over 20 years. Developmental Psychology, 41, 733–746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCormick, C. M., Kuo, S. I.-C., & Masten, A. S. (2010). Developmental tasks across the life span. In Fingerman, K. L., Berg, C. A., Smith, J. & Antonucci, T. C. (Eds.), Handbook of life-span development (pp. 117–140). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Rutter, M., & Silva, P. A. (2001). Sex differences in antisocial behaviour: Conduct disorder, delinquency, and violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2017). Mplus user's guide: The comprehensive modeling program for applied researchers. (8th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.Google Scholar
National Center for Health Statistics. (2008). Marriage and divorce: Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/divorce.htm.Google Scholar
National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2009). Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities. Committee on the Prevention of Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse Among Children, Youth, and Young Adults: Research Advances and Promising Interventions. Mary Ellen O'Connell, Thomas Boat, and Kenneth E. Warner, Editors. Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: National Academics Press.Google Scholar
Newman, D. L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Magdol, L., Silva, P. A., & Stanton, W. R. (1996). Psychiatric disorder in a birth cohort of young adults: Prevalence, comorbidity, clinical significance, and new case incidence from ages 11 to 21. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oregon Social Learning Center. (1991). LIFT Parent Interview. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Pedro-Carroll, J. L., & Cowen, E. L. (1985). The Children of Divorce Intervention Program: An investigation of the efficacy of a school-based prevention program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 603–611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, A. J., & Ou, S.-R. (2011). Paths of effects from preschool to adult well-being: A confirmatory analysis of the child-parent center program. Child Development, 82, 555–582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, A. J., & Ou, S.-R. (2016). Generative mechanisms in early childhood interventions: A confirmatory research framework for prevention. Prevention Science, 17, 794–805.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, A. J., Ou, S.-R., & Topitzes, J. W. (2004). Paths of effects of early childhood intervention on educational attainment and delinquency: A confirmatory analysis of the Chicago child-parent centers. Child Development, 75, 1299–1328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, C. R., & Paget, K. D. (1981). Factor analysis of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale for Blacks, Whites, males, and females with a national normative sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 352–359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, C. R., & Richard, B. O. (1978). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children's manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A., Ou, S.-R., Robertson, D. L., Mersky, J. P., Topitzes, J. W., & Niles, M. D. (2007). Effects of a school-based, early childhood intervention on adult health and well-being: A 19-year follow-up of low-income families. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161, 730–739.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A., Robertson, D. L., & Mann, E. A. (2001). Long-term effects of an early childhood intervention on educational achievement and juvenile arrest: A 15-year follow-up of low-income children in public schools. JAMA, 285, 2339–2346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roisman, G. I., Masten, A. S., Coatsworth, J. D., & Tellegen, A. (2004). Salient and emerging developmental tasks in the transition to adulthood. Child Development, 75, 123–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutter, M., & Sroufe, L. A. (2000). Developmental psychopathology: Concepts and challenges. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 265–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sameroff, A. J. (1987). Transactional risk factors and prevention. In Steinberg, J. A. & Silverman, M. M. (Eds.), Department of Health and Human Services publication, No. (ADM)87-1492. Preventing mental disorders: A research perspective (pp. 74–89). Rockville, MD, US: National Institute of Mental Health.Google Scholar
Sameroff, A. J. (2000). Developmental systems and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 297–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1990). Crime and deviance over the life course: The salience of adult social bonds. American Sociological Review, 55, 609–627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandler, I., Ingram, A., Wolchik, S., Tein, J.-Y., & Winslow, E. (2015). Long-term effects of parenting-focused preventive interventions to promote resilience of children and adolescents. Child Development Perspectives, 9, 164–171CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.-Y., Mehta, P., Wolchik, S. A., & Ayers, T. S. (2000). Coping efficacy and psychological problems of children of divorce. Child Development, 71, 1099–1118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S. A., Mazza, G., Gunn, H., Tein, J.-Y., Berkel, C., … Porter, M. (2019). Randomized effectiveness trial of the New Beginnings Program for Divorced Families with children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 49, 60–78.Google ScholarPubMed
Saylor, C. F., Finch, A. J., Spirito, A., & Bennett, B. (1984). The Children's Depression Inventory: A systematic evaluation of psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 955–967.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaefer, E. S. (1965). Children's reports of parental behavior: An inventory. Child Development, 36, 413–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulenberg, J. E., Sameroff, A. J., & Cicchetti, D. (2004). The transition to adulthood as a critical juncture in the course of psychopathology and mental health. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 799–806.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schweinhart, L. J., Montie, J., Xiang, Z., Barnett, W. S., Belfield, C. R., & Nores, M. (2005). Lifetimes effects: The High/Scope Perry Preschool study through age 40. Monographs of the High/Scope Educational Research Foundation, 14. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press.Google Scholar
Scollon, C. N., & Diener, E. (2006). Love, work, and changes in extraversion and neuroticism over time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 1152–1165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C. P., Dulcan, M. K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Signal, A. B., Wolchik, S. A., Tein, J. Y., & Sandler, I. N. (2012). Enhancing youth outcomes following parental divorce: A longitudinal study of the effects of the new beginnings program on educational and occupational goals. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescenr Psychology, 41, 150–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spaccarelli, S., Coatsworth, J. D., & Bowden, B. S. (1995). Exposure to serious family violence among incarcerated boys: Its association with violent offending and potential mediating variables. Violence and Victims, 10, 163–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spoth, R., Clair, S., & Trudeau, L. (2014). Universal family-focused intervention with young adolescents: Effects on health-risking sexual behaviors and STDs among young adults. Prevention Science, 15, 47–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spoth, R., Redmond, C., Shin, C., Greenberg, M., Feinberg, M., & Schainker, L. (2013). PROSPER community–university partnership delivery system effects on substance misuse through 6 1/2 years past baseline from a cluster randomized controlled intervention trial. Preventive Medicine, 56, 190–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spoth, R., Trudeau, L., Redmond, C., & Shin, C. (2014). Replication RCT of early universal prevention effects on young adult substance misuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82, 949–963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stolberg, A. L., & Mahler, J. (1994). Enhancing treatment gains in a school-based intervention for children of divorce through skill training, parental involvement, and transfer procedures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 147–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strohschein, L., Roos, N., & Brownell, M. (2009). Family structure histories and high school completion: Evidence from a population based registry. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 34, 83–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, A. B., MacKinnon, D., & Tein, J.-Y. (2008) Test of the three path mediated effect. Organization Research Methods. 11, 241–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trevor, C. O., Gerhart, B., & Boudreau, J. W. (1997). Voluntary turnover and job performance: Curvilinearity and the moderating influences of salary growth and promotions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trudeau, L., Spoth, R., Mason, W. A., Randall, G. K., Redmond, C., & Schainker, L. (2016). Effects of adolescent universal substance misuse preventive interventions on young adult depression symptoms: Mediational modeling. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 257–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Upadyaya, K., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2017). Developmental dynamics between young adults’ life satisfaction and engagement with studies and work. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 8, 20–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weitoft, G. R., Hjern, A., Haglund, B., & Rosén, M. (2003). Mortality, severe morbidity, and injury in children living with single parents in Sweden: A population-based study. The Lancet, 361, 289–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Werner, E. E. (2013). What can we learn about resilience from large-scale longitudinal studies? In Goldstein, S. & Brooks, R. B. (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 87–102). New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies. In Hoyle, R. (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Issues and applications (pp. 56–75). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Wing, J. K., Babor, T., Brugha, T., Burke, J., Cooper, J. E., Giel, R., … & Sartorius, N. (1990). SCAN: Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 589–593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolchik, S. A., Christopher, C., Tein, J.-Y., Rhodes, C., & Sandler, I. N. (2019). Long-term effect of a parenting preventive intervention on young adults’ attitudes toward divorce and marriage. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 60, 283–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolchik, S. A., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J. Y., Mahrer, N., Millsap, R., Winslow, E. B., … Reed, A. B. (2013). Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial of preventive intervention for divorced families: Effects on mental health and substance use outcomes in young adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 660–673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolchik, S., Sandler, I., Weiss, L., & Winslow, E. (2007). New Beginnings: An empirically-based program to help divorced mothers promote resilience in their children. In Briesmeister, J. M. & Schaefer, C. E. (Eds.), Handbook of parent training: Helping parents prevent and solve problem behaviors (3rd ed., pp. 25–62). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Wolchik, S. A., Tein, J. Y., Sandler, I. N., & Kim, H. J. (2016). Developmental cascade models of a parenting-focused program for divorced families on mental health problems and substance use in emerging adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 869–888.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolchik, S. A., West, S., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.-Y., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L. J., … Griffin, W. (2000). The New Beginnings Program for divorced families: An experimental evaluation of single-component and dual-component theory-based programs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843–856.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Westover, S., Sandler, I. N., Martin, A., Lustig, J., … Fisher, J. (1993). The Children of Divorce Parenting Project: Outcome evaluation of an empirically based parenting program. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 293–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolchik, S. A., WIlcox, K. L., Tain, J.-Y., & Sandler, I. N. (2000). Maternal acceptance and consistency of discipline as buffers of divorce stressors on children's psychological adjustment problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 87–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolchik, S. A., Wilcox, K. L., Tein, J.-Y., & Sandler, I. N. (2002). Divorce stressors on children's psychological adjustment problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 87–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolla, S. A., & Sullivan, J. (2017). Education, income, and wealth. Page One Economics, January. Retrieved from https://www.stlouisfed.org/education/page-one-economics-classroom-edition/education-income-and-wealthGoogle Scholar
Zhou, Q., Sandler, I. N., Milsap, H. E., Wolchik, S. A., & Dawson-McClure, S. R. (2008). Mother-child relationship quality and effective discipline as mediators of the 6-year effects of the New Beginnings Program for children from divorced families. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 579–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Wolchik et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S4

Download Wolchik et al. supplementary material(File)
File 73.4 KB