Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T07:46:45.224Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Maternal drug abuse versus maternal depression: Vulnerability and resilience among school-age and adolescent offspring

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2007

SUNIYA S. LUTHAR  and
CHRIS C. SEXTON
SUNIYA S. LUTHAR
Affiliation:
Teachers College, Columbia University
CHRIS C. SEXTON
Affiliation:
Teachers College, Columbia University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this study of 360 low-income mother–child dyads, our primary goal was to disentangle risks linked with commonly co-occurring maternal diagnoses: substance abuse and affective/anxiety disorders. Variable- and person-based analyses suggest that, at least through children's early adolescence, maternal drug use is no more inimical for them than is maternal depression. A second goal was to illuminate vulnerability and protective processes linked with mothers' everyday functioning, and results showed that negative parenting behaviors were linked with multiple adverse child outcomes. Conversely, the other parenting dimensions showed more domain specificity; parenting stress was linked with children's lifetime diagnoses, and limit setting and closeness with children's externalizing problems and everyday competence, respectively. Results are discussed in terms of implications for resilience theory, interventions, and social policy.Preparation of this manuscript was funded in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (RO1-DA10726, RO1-DA11498, and R01-DA14385).

Type
Research Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 19 , Issue 1 , January 2007 , pp. 205 - 225
Copyright
© 2007 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abidin, R. R. (Ed.). (1995). Parenting Stress Index: Third edition professional manual. Lutz: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Adams, C. A., & Drabman, R. S. (1994). BASC: A critical review. Child Assessment News, 4, 1–5.Google Scholar
Bargee, J. G. (1998). Mixed symptoms and syndromes of anxiety and depression: Diagnostic, prognostic, and etiologic issues. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 10, 15–29.Google Scholar
Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (1997). At risk for anxiety: I. Psychopathology in the offspring of anxious parents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 918–924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, H. R., Gould, M. S., & Staghezza, B. (1992). Aggregating data from multiple informants in child psychiatry epidemiological research. Journal of the American Medical Association, 31, 78–85.Google Scholar
Blanchard, K. A., Sexton, C. C., Morgenstern, J., McVeigh, K. H., McCrady, B. S., Morgan, T. J., et al. (in press). Children of substance abusing women on federal welfare: Implications for child well-being and TANF policy. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment.
Carta, J. J., Sideridis, G., Rinkel, P., Guimaraes, S., Greenwood, C., Baggett, K., et al. (1994). Behavioral outcomes of young children prenatally exposed to illicit drugs: Review and analysis of experimental literature. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 14, 184–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., et al. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301, 386–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castaladi, J. (1990). Affective and cognitive patterns in the mother–child relationship during the second year of life. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
Cicchetti, D. (2002). The impact of social experience on neurobiological systems: Illustration from a constructivist view of child maltreatment. Cognitive Development, 17, 1407–1428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crnic, K., & Acevedo, M. (1995). Everyday stress and parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (Vol. 4, pp. 277–297). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
De Cubas, M. M., & Field, T. (1993). Children of methadone-dependent women: Developmental outcomes. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63, 226–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erdman, H. P., Klein, M. H., Greist, J. H., Skare, S. S., Justed, J. J., Robins, L. N., et al. (1992). A comparison of two computer-administered versions of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 26, 85–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flanagan, R. (1995). A review of the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC): Assessment consistent with the requirements of the Individuals with Disabilities Education act (IDEA). Journal of School Psychology, 33, 177–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrity-Rokous, F. E. (1994). Punitive legal approaches to the problem of prenatal drug exposure. Infant Mental Health Journal, 15, 218–237.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerard, A. B. (2000). Parent–Child Relationship Inventory: Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Goodman, S. H., Adamson, L. B., Riniti, J., & Cole, S. (1994). Mothers' expressed attitudes: Association with maternal depression and children's self-esteem and psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 1265–1274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (Eds.). (2002). Children of depressed parents: Mechanisms of risk and implications for treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Grills, A. E., & Ollendick, T. H. (2002). Issues in parent–child agreement: The case of structured diagnostic interviews. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5, 57–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammen, C. (2003). Risk and protective factors for children of depressed parents. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 50–75). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hans, S. L., Bernstein, V. J., & Henson, L. G. (1999). The role of psychopathology in the parenting of drug-dependent women. Development and Pyschopathology, 11, 957–977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinz, M. C., & Grisso, T. (1996). Review of instruments assessing parenting competencies used in child custody evaluations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 14, 293–313.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirshfeld, D. R., Biederman, J., Brody, L., Faraone, S. V., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (1997). Expressed emotion toward children with behavioral inhibition: Associations with maternal anxiety disorder. Journal of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 910–917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoff-Ginsberg, E., & Tardif, T. (1995). Socioeconomic status and parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting: Vol. 2. Biology and ecology of parenting (pp. 161–188). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Huenstein, E., Scarr, S., & Abidin, R. R. (1987). Detecting children at risk for developmental delay: Efficacy of the Parenting Stress Index in non-American culture. Unpublished manuscript, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
Johnson, H. L., Nusbausm, B. J., Bejarno, A., & Rosen, T. S. (1999). An ecological approach to development in children with prenatal drug exposure. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69, 448–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamphaus, R. W., & Frick, P. J. (1996). Clinical assessment of child and adolescent personality and behavior. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (1990). Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test. Circle Pines, MN: AGS.
Kaufman, J., Yang, B.-Z., Douglas-Palumberi, H., Houshyar, S., Lipschitz, D., Krystal, J. H., et al. (2004). Social supports and serotonin transporter gene moderate depression in maltreated children. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 17316–17321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kettinger, L. A., Nair, P., & Schuler, M. E. (2000). Exposure to environmental risk factors and parenting attitudes among substance abusing women. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 26, 1–11.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, M. C., Graczyk, P. A., O'Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 561–592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luthar, S. S. (2006). Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across five decades. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (2nd ed., pp. 739–795). New York: Wiley.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71, 543–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luthar, S. S., & Cushing, G. (1999). Neighborhood influences and child development: A prospective study of substance abusers' offspring. Developmental Psychology, 11, 763–784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luthar, S. S., Cushing, G., Merikangas, K., & Rounsaville, B. J. (1998). Multiple jeopardy: Risk/protective factors among addicted mothers' offspring. Developmental Psychology, 11, 117–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luthar, S. S., D'Avanzo, K., & Hites, S. (2003). Parental substance abuse. Risks and resilience. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability. Adaptation in the context of adversities (pp. 104–129). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Luthar, S. S., & Latendresse, S. J. (2005). Comparable “risks” at the socioeconomic status extremes: Pre-adolescents' perceptions of parenting. Development and Pyschopathology, 17, 207–230.Google Scholar
Luthar, S. S., & Suchman, N. E. (2000). Relational Psychotherapy Mothers' Group: A developmentally informed intervention for at-risk mothers. Development and Pyschopathology, 12, 235–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luthar, S. S., Suchman, N. E., & Altomere, M. (2007). Relational Psychotherapy Mothers Group: A randomized clinical trial for substance abusing mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 243–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luthar, S. S., & Zelazo, L. B. (2003). Research on resilience: An integrative review. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 510–549). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lyons-Ruth, K., Wolfe, R., & Lyubchik, A. (2000). Depression and the parenting of young children: Making the case for early preventive mental health services. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 8, 148–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malgady, R. G., Rogler, L. H., & Tryon, W. W. (1992). Issues of validity in the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 26, 59–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, J. L., Ford, C. B., Dyer-Friedman, J., Tang, J., & Huffman, L. C. (2004). Patterns of agreement between parent and child ratings of emotional and behavioral problems in an outpatient clinical setting: When children endorse more problems. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 25, 150–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayes, L. C. (1995). Substance abuse and parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Applied and practical parenting (Vol. 4, pp. 101–126). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Mayes, L. C., & Bornstein, M. H. (1997). The development of children exposed to cocaine. In S. S. Luthar, J. Burack, D. Cicchetti, & J. R. Weisz (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Perspectives on adjustment, risk, and disorder (pp. 166–188). New York: Cambridge University Press.
McClure, E. B., Brennan, P. A., Hammen, C., & Le Brocque, R. M. (2001). Parental anxiety disorders, child anxiety disorders, and the perceived parent–child relationship in an Australian high-risk sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 1–10.Google Scholar
Myrick, H., & Kathleen, B. (2003). Current review of the comorbity of affective, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 16, 261–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NIMH DISC-IV Editorial Board. (1995). The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Unpublished manuscript, New York.
Office of the Surgeon General. (1999). Mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: Author.
Regier, D. A., Farmer, M. E., Rae, D. S., Locke, B. Z., Keith, S. J., Judd, L. L., et al. (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264, 2511–2518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regier, D. A., Rae, D. S., Narrow, W. E., Kaelber, C. T., & Schatzeberg, A. F. (1998). Prevalence of anxiety disorders and their comorbidity with mood addictive disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 34(Suppl.), 24–28.Google Scholar
Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (1992). Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
Robins, L. N. (1995). Announcing DIS IV: A major revision. St. Louis, MO: Washington University School of Medicine.
Robins, L. N., Wing, J., Wittchen, H. U., Helzer, J. E., Babor, T. F., Burke, J., et al. (1989). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview: An epidemiologic instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1069–1077.Google Scholar
Rogosch, F. A., Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2004). Expressed emotion in multiple subsystems of the families of toddlers with depressed mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 689–706.Google Scholar
Rohner, R. P. (1991). Handbook for the study of parental acceptance and rejection theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Sameroff, A. J. (2000). Developmental systems and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 297–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, K. M., & Phares, V. (2005). Coping with parental loss because of termination of parental rights. Child Welfare, 84, 819–842.Google Scholar
Shaffer, D., Prudence, M. S., Lucas, C. P., Dulcan, M. K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2003). 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.
Suchman, N. E., & Luthar, S. S. (2001). The mediating role of parenting stress in methadone-maintained mothers' parenting. Parenting: Science and Practice, 1, 285–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2006). Kids count state-level data online. Retrieved February 2, 2006, from http://www.aecf.org/kidscount/sld/profile.jsp
Wakschlag, L. S., & Hans, S. L. (1999). Relation of maternal responsiveness during infancy to the development of behavior problems in high-risk youths. Developmental Psychology, 35, 569–579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissman, M. M., McAvay, G., Goldstein, R. B., Nunes, E. V., Verdeli, H., & Wickramaratne, P. J. (1999). Risk/protective factors among addicted mothers' offspring: A replication study. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25, 661–679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wendorf, C. A. (2004). Primer on multiple regression coding: Common forms and the additional case of repeated contrasts. Understanding Statistics, 3, 47–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., Kiely, K., Bredin, E., & Spencer, T. J. (1995). Pilot study of behavioral and emotional disturbance in the high-risk children of parents with opioid dependence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 779–785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar