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The (mis)measure of misbehavior: Cross-national invariance of the Youth Externalizing Problems Screener across 32 countries

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 October 2025

Milica Lazić Open the ORCID record for Milica Lazić [Opens in a new window] ,
Sabirah Adams ,
Rebeca Aritio-Solana ,
Christ Billy Aryanto ,
Andreja Avsec ,
Ali Bakhshi ,
Michael Bender ,
Sophie Berjot ,
Sonia Betancourth Zambrano  and
Andreja Brajša-Žganec
...Show all authors
Milica Lazić*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Sabirah Adams
Affiliation:
University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Rebeca Aritio-Solana
Affiliation:
Educational Sciences Department, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
Christ Billy Aryanto
Affiliation:
Faculty of Psychology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
Andreja Avsec
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Ali Bakhshi
Affiliation:
State Welfare Organization of Iran, Tehran, Iran
Michael Bender
Affiliation:
Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
Sophie Berjot
Affiliation:
Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, C2S, Reims, France
Sonia Betancourth Zambrano
Affiliation:
Teacher University of Nariño, Pasto, Nariño, Colombia
Andreja Brajša-Žganec
Affiliation:
Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia
Yunier Broche-Pérez
Affiliation:
Prisma Behavioral Center, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
Carmen Buzea
Affiliation:
Department of Social Sciences and Communication, Faculty of Sociology and Communication, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
Rosario Cabello
Affiliation:
Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
Valentina Carreca
Affiliation:
Department of Education Sciences, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
Rosalinda Cassibba
Affiliation:
Department of Education Sciences, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
Judith Cavazos-Arroyo
Affiliation:
Centro Interdisciplinario de Posgrados, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, México
Fatemeh Daemi
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
Diego D. Díaz-Guerra
Affiliation:
Psychology Department, Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas, Villa Clara, Cuba
Marija Džida
Affiliation:
Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia
Mona Eidelsburger
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Leopold Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria
Pablo Fernández-Berrocal
Affiliation:
Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
Evelyn Fernández-Castillo
Affiliation:
Psychology Department, Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas, Villa Clara, Cuba
Eduardo Fonseca-Pedrero
Affiliation:
Educational Sciences Department, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
Tomasz Frackowiak
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
Teresa Freire
Affiliation:
Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
Vesna Gavrilov-Jerković
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Biljana Gjoneska
Affiliation:
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, North Macedonia
Jesús Guerrero-Alcedo
Affiliation:
Carrera de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
Md Jamil Hossain
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Jessie Hillekens
Affiliation:
Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
Stefan Höfer
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Tareq Mahmud
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Naved Iqbal
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Szilvia Jámbori
Affiliation:
Department of Developmental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Mohsen Joshanloo
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
Ljiljana Kaliterna Lipovčan
Affiliation:
Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia
Tina Kavčič
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Marta Kowal
Affiliation:
IDN Being Human Lab - Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
Marija Krstevska Taseva
Affiliation:
Association Center for Intercultural Dialogue, Kumanovo, North Macedonia
Kwok Kit Tong
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
Denisse Manrique-Millones
Affiliation:
Carrera de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
Michal Misiak
Affiliation:
IDN Being Human Lab - Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland School of Anthropology & Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Pasquale Musso
Affiliation:
Department of Education Sciences, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
Vojana Obradović
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Javier Ortuño-Sierra
Affiliation:
Educational Sciences Department, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
Ioana Orzea
Affiliation:
National College Radu Negru, Fagaras, Romania
Ahmet Özaslan
Affiliation:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey Psychology Research Center, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
Joonha Park
Affiliation:
Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Marija Pašić
Affiliation:
Institute of Public Health of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
Rasa Pilkauskaitė Valickienė
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Human and Social Studies, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania
Rogelio Puente-Díaz
Affiliation:
School of Business and Economics, Universidad Anáhuac México, Huixquilucan, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
Lizbeth Puerta-Sierra
Affiliation:
School of Business and Economics, Universidad Anáhuac México, Huixquilucan, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
Gordana Ristevska Dimitrovska
Affiliation:
Higher Medical School, University St Kliment Ohridski Bitola, Bitola, North Macedonia
S. Craig Roberts
Affiliation:
IDN Being Human Lab - Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
Puji Tania Ronauli
Affiliation:
Faculty of Psychology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
Shazly Savahl
Affiliation:
University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Danielius Serapinas
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Human and Social Studies, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
Sok Ian Kuan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
Agnieszka Sorokowska
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
Piotr Sorokowski
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
Dijana Sulejmanović
Affiliation:
Islamic Pedagogic Faculty, University of Bihać, Bihać, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Mst Sadia Sultana
Affiliation:
Department of Health Society and Behavior, UC Irvine Joe C Wen School of Population and Public Health, Irvine, USA
Sze Man Yuen
Affiliation:
Department of Curriculum, Teaching, and Learning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Erzsébet Szél
Affiliation:
Department of Developmental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Dušana Šakan
Affiliation:
Department of Business Psychology, Faculty of Law and Business Studies dr Lazar Vrkatić, Union University Belgrade, Novi Sad, Serbia
Henri Tilga
Affiliation:
Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
Aleksandar Tomašević
Affiliation:
Scientific Computing Laboratory, Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Wenceslao Unanue
Affiliation:
Business School, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
Jesús Unanue
Affiliation:
Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
Marieke van Egmond
Affiliation:
Tranzo, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
Murat Yıldırım
Affiliation:
Psychology Research Center, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Ağrı, Turkey
Gaja Zager Kocjan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Laura Zamarian
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Marija Zotović-Kostić
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Veljko Jovanović
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
*
Corresponding Author: Milica Lazić, Email: milica.lazic@ff.uns.ac.rs
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Abstract

The present study investigated the cross-national measurement invariance of a 10-item Youth Externalizing Problems Screener (YEPS) on a sample of 17,489 adolescents from 32 countries. The original one-factor and two-factor models of YEPS were found to provide a poor fit to the data in most countries. Following the removal of two semantically overlapping items and the inclusion of correlated error terms, adequate model fit was obtained in 31 of 32 countries. Measurement invariance testing of an abbreviated 8-item YEPS (YEPS-SF) supported configural invariance. Partial scalar invariance was achieved only after freely estimating numerous parameters. The alignment analysis revealed that 22% of parameters were non-invariant across countries. South Africa, Hungary, and India showed the largest number of non-invariant parameters, whereas the lowest number was detected in several European countries. These findings highlight the potential of the YEPS-SF for use within individual countries and the challenge of developing cross-culturally comparable measures, suggesting that cultural adaptations may be necessary.

Keywords

Adolescencecultureexternalizing problemsmeasurement invarianceyouth externalizing problems screener

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Regular Article
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Development and Psychopathology , First View , pp. 1 - 14
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© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press

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