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Quantifying respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Effects of misspecifying breathing frequencies across development

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 May 2017

Tiffany M. Shader ,
Lisa M. Gatzke-Kopp ,
Sheila E. Crowell ,
M. Jamila Reid ,
Julian F. Thayer ,
Michael W. Vasey ,
Carolyn Webster-Stratton ,
Ziv Bell  and
Theodore P. Beauchaine
Tiffany M. Shader
Affiliation:
The Ohio State University
Lisa M. Gatzke-Kopp
Affiliation:
Pennsylvania State University
Sheila E. Crowell
Affiliation:
University of Utah
M. Jamila Reid
Affiliation:
Incredible Years, Seattle
Julian F. Thayer
Affiliation:
The Ohio State University
Michael W. Vasey
Affiliation:
The Ohio State University
Carolyn Webster-Stratton
Affiliation:
University of Washington
Ziv Bell
Affiliation:
The Ohio State University
Theodore P. Beauchaine*
Affiliation:
The Ohio State University
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Theodore P. Beauchaine, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210; E-mail: beauchaine.1@osu.edu.
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Abstract

Low resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and to a lesser extent excessive RSA reactivity to emotion evocation, are observed in many psychiatric disorders characterized by emotion dysregulation, including syndromes spanning the internalizing and externalizing spectra, and other conditions such as nonsuicidal self-injury. Nevertheless, some inconsistencies exist. For example, null outcomes in studies of RSA–emotion dysregulation relations are sometimes observed among younger participants. Such findings may derive from use of age inappropriate frequency bands in calculating RSA. We combine data from five published samples (N = 559) spanning ages 4 to 17 years, and reanalyze RSA data using age-appropriate respiratory frequencies. Misspecifying respiratory frequencies results in overestimates of resting RSA and underestimates of RSA reactivity, particularly among young children. Underestimates of developmental shifts in RSA and RSA reactivity from preschool to adolescence were also observed. Although correlational analyses revealed weak negative associations between resting RSA and aggression, those with clinical levels of externalizing exhibited lower resting RSA than their peers. No associations between RSA reactivity and externalizing were observed. Results confirm that age-corrected frequency bands should be used when estimating RSA, and that literature-wide overestimates of resting RSA, underestimates of RSA reactivity, and underestimates of developmental shifts in RSA and RSA reactivity may exist.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 30 , Issue 1 , February 2018 , pp. 351 - 366
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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Footnotes

The research reported in this article was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grants MH12209, MH67192, and MH63699 and by the Pennsylvania Department of Health. We acknowledge Amelia Aldao and Mathew Free for their helpful contributions to this work.

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