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Trajectories of internalizing and externalizing symptoms among adults with autism spectrum disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 November 2015

Ashley C. Woodman ,
Marsha R. Mailick  and
Jan S. Greenberg
Ashley C. Woodman*
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts–Amherst
Marsha R. Mailick
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Jan S. Greenberg
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin–Madison
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Ashley C. Woodman, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, 135 Hicks Way, Tobin Hall 509, Amherst, MA 01003; E-mail: awoodman@psych.umass.edu.
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Abstract

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience higher rates of psychopathology than their typically developing peers or peers with other intellectual or developmental disabilities. Little is known about the developmental course of psychiatric symptoms such as internalizing and externalizing behaviors in this population. Individual characteristics and aspects of the family environment may explain variability in outcomes for adults with ASD. The present study extends our current understanding of psychopathology among individuals with ASD by examining group-based trajectories of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adulthood. Overall, the results showed that symptoms became less severe over time. Distinct patterns of change in psychopathology were observed and associated with differential profiles of psychotropic medication use, comorbid mental health diagnoses, and residential placement. The likelihood of following each developmental trajectory was estimated based on characteristics of the adults with ASD (gender, adaptive behavior, and autistic symptoms) and maternal expressed emotion (criticism and warmth). Maternal criticism and warmth were identified as key risk and protective factors, respectively, with important implications for future research and intervention for individuals with ASD.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 28 , Issue 2 , May 2016 , pp. 565 - 581
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

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