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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 April 2024
Social consciousness is the most comprehensive historically differentiated and dynamic relatively independent spiritual system. It performs its function both with regard to social being and to the life and consciousness of the individual members of society. As a many-sided, heterogeneous and complex system social consciousness should be analyzed from various points of view. Varied approaches and methods are employed in its study, heterogeneous criteria, close-ups and cross sections are used in investigating its content.
1 Attempts are made in the literature at substantiating the existence also of other forms, such as: economic consciousness, legal consciousness as differentiated from law, mass consciousness, social psyche etc.
2 Y. Urmantsev, "Prostranstvo i Vremya," Filosofskaya Entsiklopediya, v. 4, Moscow, Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya, 1967, p. 392.
3 Pitirim A. Sorokin, Contemporary Sociological Theories Through the First Quarter of the Twentieth Century, USA, 1928, pp. 8, 9.
4 Pitirim A. Sorokin, Sociocultural Causality, Space, Time. A Study of Refe rential Principles of Sociology and Social Science, Durham, North Carolina, 1943, p. 114.
5 Ibid., pp. 122, 123.
6 Ibid., pp. 126, 129.
7 P. A. Sorokin, Social and Cultural Mobility, Glencoe, Ill., 1959, pp. 6, 7.
8 N. Ovchinnikov, "Struktura," Filosofskaya Entsiklopediya, v. 5, Moscow, Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya, 1970, p. 140.
9 K. Megrelidze, Osnovniye problemy sotsiologii myshleniya, Tbilisi, 1973, pp. 382, 383.
10 Ibid., pp. 383, 385, 386.
11 Ibid., p. 387.
12 The role of the physical aspect in the socio-space range of problems has been examined by many authors. Of interest are the ideas of the French so ciologist Georges Gurvitch expounded in his work Les cadres sociaux de la con naissance, Paris, P. U. F., 1966. It analyses some time and space aspects of the process of social knowledge. With a view to the role of the subject of knowledge, for instance, Gurvitch points to four kinds of space: autique, that is identifying itself with the subject, egocentric (determined by the emotionality of the subject), projectional (depending on the spatial transfers of the subject), and prospective (the most distant from the subject and the nearest to real space). The clas sification is of certain interest also as regards the form of a given space.
The same work by Gurvitch is translated and published in English. Worth noting here is the introductory essay by Kenneth Tompson (Kenneth Tompson, Introductory Essay to The Social Frameworks of Knowledge by G. Gurvitch, Oxford, 1971). He, in turn, bases himself on the well-known book by the Swiss psychologist Piaget (J. Piaget et B. Inhelder, La représentation de l'espace chez l'enfant, Paris, P. U. F. 1972). Given the great merit of those works, they do not study the social problems in their depth and specificity. The analysis follows the psychological, physical, geographic, stereognostic, etc., lines.
13 Today at this final stage of the realization of ideology the term ‘manipulated consciousness' is current in research works in the West.
14 Martin Seliger, Ideology and Politics, London, 1976, pp. 108, 109.
15 M. Seliger, op. cit., p. 14.
16 Ibid., pp. 114, 115.
17 Ibid., p. 113.
18 Ibid., p. 120.
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