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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 April 2024
In 1976 an interdisciplinary study on risks and risk evaluations was inaugurated in Sweden and was sponsored by the Committee for Future-oriented Research. One of the basic assumptions of the Swedish risk project was that modern society has created “new, increasingly complicated and large-scale technical systems.” It also assumed that “large systems are economically efficient, but vulnerable and therefore create risks.” A third assumption was that “the ever rising standard of living is purchased at the cost of certain additional risks.” The perspective of the project was thus markedly historically oriented.
1 The head of the project was Professor Lennart Sjöberg, Department of Psychology, University. of Göteborg. The author of this paper was asked to enter the project in order to analyse long-term societal change in relation to risks. The reports of the project have been published in Swedish and also to some extent in English.
2 Harold and Margaret Sprout, Man - Milieu Hypothesis in the Context of International Politics. Princeton, New Jersey, 1956; Harold and Margaret Sprout, The Ecological Perspective on Human Affairs. Princeton, New Jersey, 1965; E. A. Wrigley, "Changes in the Philosophy of Geography" in R. J. Chorley and P. Haggett, eds., Frontiers in Geographical Teaching, London, 1966; Anne Buttimer, Society and Milieu in the French Geographical Tradition; Chicago, 1971.
3 The concepts are frequent in anthropology, but have gained extended use only recently. See L. Kohr, The Breakdown of Nations, London, 1957; E. F. Schumacher, Small is Beautiful; a Study of Economics as if People Mattered, London, 1973; R. A. Dahl and E. R. Tufte, Size and Democracy, Boston, 1973; Fredrik Barth, ed., Scale and Social Organization, Oslo, 1978; J. G. Rice, Studying the Modernization Process at the Scale of the Locality, Mimeographed, 1977; and Tommy Carlstein, Time Allocation, Group Size and Communication, Mimeo graphed, 1975.
4 Reinhard Bendix, "Tradition and modernity reconsidered" in Comparative Studies in Society and History, 9, 1966, pp. 292-346.
5 R. P. Appelbaum, Theories of Social Change, Chicago, 1970; E. B. Harvey, ed., Perspectives on Modernization, Toronto, 1972; E. A. Wrigley, "The Process of Modernization and the Industrial Revolution in England," Journal of Inter disciplinary History III : 2, Autumn 1972, pp. 226-259; Peter Flora, Modernisier ungsforschung. Zur Empirischen Analyse der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung. Stu dien zur Socialwissenschaft, 20, 1974; Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Modernisierungs theorie und Geschichte, Göttingen, 1975; Øyvind Østerud, Utviklingsteori og historisk endring (Development Theories and Historical Change), Oslo, 1978.
6 C. Schuler, Zur politischen Ökonomie der Armen Welt. Munich, 1968; W. L. Bühl, Evolution and Revolution, Munich, 1970; G. Brandt, "Industri alisierung, Modernisierung, gesellschaftliche Entwicklung ". Zeitschrift für So ziologie, 1, 1968, pp. 5-14.
7 "Litanian" (Litany) in 1811 års kyrkohandbok; E. Rodhe, Svenskt gudst jänstliv (Swedish Divine Service), Uppsala, 1923.
8 Eva Österberg, Gränsbygd under krig (Border Peasants during War in the 16th Century), Varberg, 1971.
9 N. R. P. Bonsor, North Atlantic Seaway, I. Lancashire, 1955; Eric W. Fleisher and Jörgen Weibul, Viking Times to Modern, Göteborg, 1953; Nils William Olsson, Swedish Passenger Arrivals in New-York 1820-1850, Stockholm 1967; Kristian Hvidt, Flugten till Amerika (The Escape to America), Aarhus, 1971.
10 R. Wiggs, Concorde: The Case Against Supersonic Transport, London, 1971.
11 Kungl. Luftfartsstyrelsen. Arsbok för år 1961 ff.
12 A study on the increase in land transportation in Sweden is under pre paration by Göran Andolf, Militärhistoriska avdelningen, Stockholm.
13 Sverker Oredsson, Järnvägarna och det allmänna. Svensk järnväspolitik fram till 1890 (The Railroads and the Public Sector. Swedish Railroad Politics before 1850), Lund, 1969; Ingemar Norrlid, "Review of Sverker Oredsson: Järnvägarna och det allmänna," Statsvetenskaplig tidskrift, 2, 1971, pp. 193-210.
14 Angelica Peyron, Några anspråkslösa Minnesblad från Fremmande Land. Manuscript in the Archive of Mrs A. Lindencrona, Stockholm.
15 Allmän Järnvägsstatistik. SOS. K. Wallberg, "Riksmätning vid trafiks äkerhetsforskning," Statistisk tidskrift, 1958.
16 Måns Lönnroth et al., Ska vi asfaltera Sverige? (Do We Want to Asphalt Sweden?), Stockholm, 1971.
17 Trafiksäkerhetsverket. Arsbok 1980. SDS 1-2-1981; S. Groth, "Statistiken över vägtrafikolyckor." Statistik tidskrift, 1956.
18 Ola Svensson, "Risks of Transportation from a Psychological Perspective: A Pilot Study." Mimeographed. The Risk Project Report 3-77.
19 Sven Godlund, Busstrafikens framväxt och funktion i de urbana influ ensfälten (Bus Traffic, its Development and Function in the Urban-influenced Areas), Lund, 1954.
20 J. E. Post, Risk and Response, Lexington, 1976; O. Bucht, Försäkringsväs endets företagsformer från antiken till våra dagar (The Entreprenential Forms of Assurance from Antiquity to Modern Times), Stockholm, 1936; B. Bergander, Försäkringsväsendet i Sverige 1814-1914 (The Assurance System in Sweden 1814-1914), Stockholm, 1967.
21 Trafiksäkerhetsarbetets organisation m.m. Betänkande avgivet av organ isationskommittén för trafiksäkerhet 1958. Trafiksäkerhetsverket. Arsbok. Trafiksäkerhet — problem och åtgärder. Betänkande avgivet av trafiksäkerhets utredningen, DSK, 1980:6.
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