Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T19:49:44.647Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Anxiety, Depression, and Post-traumatic Stress a month after 2019 Cyclone Fani in Odisha, India

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 February 2021

Nilamadhab Kar Open the ORCID record for Nilamadhab Kar [Opens in a new window] ,
Narendra Nath Samantaray ,
Shreyan Kar  and
Brajaballav Kar
Nilamadhab Kar*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Black Country Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Wolverhampton, England
Narendra Nath Samantaray
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Psychology, Mental Health Institute (Centre of Excellence), SCB Medical College, Cuttack, India
Shreyan Kar
Affiliation:
Birmingham Medical School, University of Birmingham, UK
Brajaballav Kar
Affiliation:
School of Management, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India
*
Corresponding author: Nilamadhab Kar, Emails: nmadhab@yahoo.com, n.kar@nhs.net.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

Early Identification of disaster victims with mental health problems may be useful, but information within a short period after a disaster is scarce in developing countries. This study examined anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms at 1 month following 2019 Cyclone Fani in Odisha, India.

Method:

Post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) were assessed by the Primary care PTSD screen for DSM 5 (PC-PTSD-5), anxiety symptoms by the Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), and depression by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The survey included participants’ disaster experience e.g., evacuation, fear of death, injury, death in family, damage to house, difficulty for food, displacement, and effect on livelihood.

Results:

Proportion of sample (n = 80) with probable PTSD was 42.9%, with severe anxiety was 36.7%, moderately severe depression was 16.5%, and severe depression was 3.8%. Suicidal cognitions were reported to increase by 14%. Comorbidity was common; with significant (P < 0.01) correlation between PTSS and anxiety (r = 0.69), depression (r = 0.596), and between anxiety and depression (r = 0.63). Damage of house and displacement were associated significantly with PTSD; evacuation and displacement with moderate and severe depression; and displacement with severe anxiety. No specific demographic factors were significantly linked to the psychiatric morbidities.

Conclusion:

A considerable proportion of victims had psychiatric morbidities at 1 month. Associated risk factors included housing damages, evacuation, and displacement, suggesting the need to improve the disaster-management process.

Keywords

anxietycyclonedepressionodishapost-traumatic stress
Type
Original Research
Information
Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , Volume 16 , Issue 2 , April 2022 , pp. 670 - 677
Copyright
© 2021 Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Wikipedia. Cyclone Fani. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Fani&oldid=933512653. Accessed February 17, 2020.Google Scholar
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). India cyclone evacuation hailed a success. BBC News; May 4, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48160096. Accessed February 20, 2020.Google Scholar
Kumar, H, Gettleman, J, Yasir, S. How do you save a million people from a cyclone? Ask a poor state in India. The New York Times; May 3, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/03/world/asia/cyclone-fani-india-evacuations.html. Accessed February 20, 2020.Google Scholar
Wikipedia. 1999 Odisha cyclone. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1999_Odisha_cyclone&oldid=923578465. Accessed February 20, 2020.Google Scholar
Chittibabu, P, Dube, SK, Macnabb, JB, et al. Mitigation of flooding and cyclone hazard in Orissa, India. Natural Hazards. 2004;31(2):455–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray-Bennett, NS. Learning from Deaths in Disasters: The Case of Odisha, India. Middle East Institute [Internet]; 2016. https://www.mei.edu/publications/learning-deaths-disasters-case-odisha-india. Accessed February 20, 2020.Google Scholar
Kar, N, Krishnaraaj, R, Rameshraj, K. Long-Term mental health outcomes following the 2004 Asian tsunami disaster. Disaster Health. 2014;2(1):35–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kar, N, Jagadisha, , Sharma, P, Murali, N, Mehrotra, S. Mental health consequences of the trauma of super-cyclone 1999 in Orissa. Indian J Psychiatry. 2004;46(3):228–237.Google ScholarPubMed
Kar, N. Psychosocial issues following a natural disaster in a developing country: A qualitative longitudinal observational study. Int J Disaster Med. 2006;4:169–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suar, D, Mandal, MK, Khuntia, R. Super cyclone in Orissa: An assessment of psychological status of survivors. J Trauma Stress. 2002;15(4):313–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kar, N. Suicidality following a natural disaster. Am J Disaster Med. 2010;5(6):361–368.Google ScholarPubMed
Kar, N, Bastia, BK. Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalized anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: A study of comorbidity. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006;2:17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kar, N, Mohapatra, PK, Nayak, KC, Pattanaik, P, Swain, SP, Kar, HC. Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents 1 year after a super-cyclone in Orissa, India: Exploring cross-cultural validity and vulnerability factors. BMC Psychiatry. 2007;7:8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Math, SB, Tandon, S, Girimaji, SC, et al. Psychological impact of the tsunami on children and adolescents from the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;10(1):31–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caldera, T, Palma, L, Penayo, U, Kullgren, G. Psychological impact of the hurricane Mitch in Nicaragua in a 1-year perspective. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2001;36(3):108–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goenjian, AK, Molina, L, Steinberg, AM, et al. Post-traumatic stress and depressive reactions among Nicaraguan adolescents after Hurricane Mitch. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(5):788–794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
David, D, Mellman, TA, Mendoza, LM, Kulick-Bell, R, Ironson, G, Schneiderman, N. Psychiatric morbidity following Hurricane Andrew. J Trauma Stress. 1996;9(3):607–612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shannon, MP, Lonigan, CJ, Jnr, Finch AJ, Taylor, CM. Children exposed to disaster: I. Epidemiology of post-traumatic symptoms and symptom profiles. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994;33(1):80–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mills, MA, Edmondson, D, Park, CL. Trauma and Stress Response Among Hurricane Katrina Evacuees. Am J Public Health. 2007;97 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S116–S123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhodes, J, Chan, C, Paxson, C, Rouse, CE, Waters, M, Fussell, E. The impact of Hurricane Katrina on the mental and physical health of low-income parents in New Orleans. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2010;80(2):237–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, RM, Gillezeau, CN, Liu, B, Lieberman-Cribbin, W, Taioli, E. Longitudinal impact of Hurricane sandy exposure on mental health symptoms. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(9):957. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5615494/. Accessed June 30, 2020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Z, Wu, X, Dai, W, et al. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors after a typhoon or hurricane: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2019;13(5-6):1065–1073.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dora, M, Padhee, AK. India’s cyclone Fani recovery offers the world lessons in disaster preparedness. Brunel University London; 2019. https://www.brunel.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/articles/Indias-cyclone-Fani-recovery-offers-the-world-lessons-in-disaster-preparedness. Accessed March 23, 2020.Google Scholar
World Bank. What states can learn from Odisha in disaster preparedness and mitigation. World Bank; 2019. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/speech/2019/06/14/odisha-fani-disaster-preparedness. Accessed March 23, 2020.Google Scholar
Prins, A, Bovin, MJ, Smolenski, DJ, et al. The PTSD screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5): Development and evaluation within a veteran primary care sample. J Gen Intern Med. 2016;31(10):1206–1211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, J, Zhang, W, Chen, W, et al. Applications of the for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5) for children. J Affect Disord. 2019;254:109–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jung, YE, Kim, D, Kim, WH, Roh, D, Chae, JH, Park, JE. A brief screening tool for PTSD: Validation of the Korean Version of the Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (K-PC-PTSD-5). J Korean Med Sci. 2018;33(52):e338. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6300662/. Accessed June 19, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spitzer, RL, Kroenke, K, Williams, JBW, Löwe, B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092–1097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroenke, K, Spitzer, RL, Williams, JB. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, RC, Galea, S, Gruber, MJ, Sampson, NA, Ursano, RJ, Wessely, S. Trends in mental illness and suicidality after Hurricane Katrina. Mol Psychiatry. 2008;13(4):374–384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tang, CS. Trajectory of traumatic stress symptoms in the aftermath of extreme natural disaster: A study of adult Thai survivors of the 2004 Southeast Asian earthquake and tsunami. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195(1):54–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patrick, V, Patrick, WK. Cyclone ’78 in Sri Lanka - The mental health trail. Br J Psychiatry. 1981;138:210–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G. Cyclone Tracy and Darwin evacuees: On the restoration of the species. Br J Psychiatry. 1977;130:548–555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galea, S, Brewin, CR, Gruber, M, et al. Exposure to hurricane-related stressors and mental illness after Hurricane Katrina. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(12):1427–1434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murthy, RS. National Mental Health Survey of India 2015–2016. Indian J Psychiatry. 2017;59(1):21–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ditlevsen, DN, , Elklit A. Gender, trauma type, and PTSD prevalence: A re-analysis of 18 Nordic convenience samples. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2012;11(1):26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharma, A, Kar, N. Post-traumatic Stress, Depression, and Coping Following the 2015 Nepal Earthquake: A Study on Adolescents. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2019;13(2):236–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vorst, HCM. Evacuation models and disaster psychology. Procedia Engineering. 2010;3:15–21. https://core.ac.uk/reader/82177812. Accessed June 28, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munro, A, Kovats, RS, Rubin, GJ, et al. Effect of evacuation and displacement on the association between flooding and mental health outcomes: A cross-sectional analysis of UK survey data. Lancet Planet Health. 2017;1(4):e134–e141. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30047-5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cofini, V, Carbonelli, A, Cecilia, MR, di Orio, F. Quality of life, psychological wellbeing and resilience: A survey on the Italian population living in a new lodging after the earthquake of April 2009. Ann Ig. 2014;26(1):46–51.Google Scholar
Gigantesco, A, Mirante, N, Granchelli, C, et al. Psychopathological chronic sequelae of the 2009 earthquake in L’Aquila, Italy. J Affect Disord. 2013;148(2-3):265–271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, ZW, Danielson, CK, Sumner, JA, McCauley, JL, Cohen, JR, Ruggiero, KJ. Comorbidity of PTSD, major depression, and substance use disorder among adolescent victims of the spring 2011 tornadoes in Alabama and Joplin, Missouri. Psychiatry. 2015;78(2):170–185.Google ScholarPubMed
Dai, W, Kaminga, AC, Tan, H, et al. Comorbidity of post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety in flood survivors: Prevalence and shared risk factors. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(36):e7994. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6393105/. Accessed June 29, 2020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed