Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T04:58:40.624Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Applying the Haddon Matrix to Hospital Earthquake Preparedness and Response

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 April 2020

Gai Cole Open the ORCID record for Gai Cole [Opens in a new window] ,
Andrew J. Rosenblum ,
Megan Boston  and
Daniel J. Barnett
Gai Cole*
Affiliation:
Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
Andrew J. Rosenblum
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
Megan Boston
Affiliation:
School of Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
Daniel J. Barnett
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to Gai Cole, 1830 East Monument St, 6th Floor, Room 6-115, Baltimore, MD21287 (e-mail: gcole4@jhmi.edu).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Since its 1960s origins, the Haddon matrix has served as a tool to understand and prevent diverse mechanisms of injuries and promote safety. Potential remains for broadened application and innovation of the matrix for disaster preparedness. Hospital functionality and efficiency are particularly important components of community vulnerability in developed and developing nations alike. Given the Haddon matrixʼs user-friendly approach to integrating current engineering concepts, behavioral sciences, and policy dimensions, we seek to apply it in the context of hospital earthquake preparedness and response. The matrixʼs framework lends itself to interdisciplinary planning and collaboration between social and physical sciences, paving the way for a systems-oriented reduction in vulnerabilities. Here, using an associative approach to integrate seemingly disparate social and physical science disciplines yields innovative insights about hospital disaster preparedness for earthquakes. We illustrate detailed examples of pre-event, event, and post-event engineering, behavioral science, and policy factors that hospital planners should evaluate given the complex nature, rapid onset, and broad variation in impact and outcomes of earthquakes. This novel contextual examination of the Haddon matrix can enhance critical infrastructure disaster preparedness across the epidemiologic triad, by integrating essential principles of behavioral sciences, policy, law, and engineering to earthquake preparedness.

Keywords

earthquakesHaddon matrixhospital preparedness
Type
Concepts in Disaster Medicine
Information
Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , Volume 15 , Issue 4 , August 2021 , pp. 491 - 498
Copyright
Copyright © 2020 Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Haddon, W. Options for the prevention of motor vehicle crash injury. Isr J Med Sci. 1980;16(1):45-65.Google ScholarPubMed
Haddon, W Jr. Advances in the epidemiology of injuries as a basis for public policy. Public Health Rep. 1980;95(5):411.Google ScholarPubMed
Barnett, DJ, Balicer, RD, Lucey, DR, et al. A systematic analytic approach to pandemic influenza preparedness planning. PLoS Med. 2005;2(12):e359. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, AF. The Haddon matrix: its contribution to injury prevention and control. In: McClure R, ed. Third National Conference on Injury Prevention and Control. Brisbane, Queensland; 1999:15-16.Google Scholar
Runyan, CW. Using the Haddon matrix: introducing the third dimension. Inj Prev. 1998;4(4):302-307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnett, DJ, Balicer, RD, Blodgett, D, et al. The application of the Haddon matrix to public health readiness and response planning. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113(5):561-566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haddon, W Jr. Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies, 1973. Inj Prev. 1995;1(1):40-44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albertsson, P, Björnstig, U, Falkmer, T. The Haddon matrix, a tool for investigating severe bus and coach crashes. Int J Disaster Med. 2003;1(2):109-119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Runyan, CW, Yonas, M. Conceptual frameworks for developing and comparing approaches to improve adolescent motor-vehicle safety. Am J Prev Med. 2008;35(3):S336-S342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moghisi, A, Mohammadi, R, Svanstrom, L. Motorcyclists' safety in Iran: implication of Haddon matrix in safe community setting. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2004;28:37.Google Scholar
Hecht, AA, Biehl, E, Barnett, DJ, et al. Urban food supply chain resilience for crises threatening food security: a qualitative study. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2019;119(2):211-224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deljavan, R, Sadeghi-Bazargani, H, Fouladi, N, et al. Application of Haddonʼs matrix in qualitative research methodology: an experience in burns epidemiology. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5:621-627.Google ScholarPubMed
Sadeghi-Bazargani, H, Azami-Aghdash, S, Arshi, S, et al. Exploring possible causes of fatal burns in 2007 using Haddonʼs matrix: a qualitative study. J Inj Violence Res. 2015;7(1):1.Google ScholarPubMed
Sattin, RW. Falls among older persons: a public health perspective. Annu Rev Public Health. 1992;13(1):489-508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Runyan, CW. Introduction: back to the future – revisiting Haddonʼs conceptualization of injury epidemiology and prevention. Epidemiol Rev. 2003;25(1):60-64.Google ScholarPubMed
Sorenson, SB. Preventing traumatic stress: public health approaches. J Trauma Stress. 2002;15(1):3-7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peck, MD, Kruger, GE, van der Merwe, AE, et al. Burns and injuries from non-electric-appliance fires in low- and middle-income countries: part II. A strategy for intervention using the Haddon matrix. Burns. 2008;34(3):312-319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Runyan, CW, Zakocs, RC, Zwerling, C. Administrative and behavioral interventions for workplace violence prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18(4):116-127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eddleston, M, Buckley, NA, Gunnell, D, et al. Identification of strategies to prevent death after pesticide self-poisoning using a Haddon matrix. Inj Prev. 2006;12(5):333-337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dowd, MD, Keenan, HT, Bratton, SL. Epidemiology and prevention of childhood injuries. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(11):S385-S392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossman, DC. The history of injury control and the epidemiology of child and adolescent injuries. Future Child. 2000;10(1):23-52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tiwari, A, Tarrant, M, Yuen, KH, et al. Preparedness for influenza pandemic in Hong Kong nursing units. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2006;38(4):308-313.Google Scholar
Pappas, G, Panagopoulou, P, Akritidis, N. Reclassifying bioterrorism risk: are we preparing for the proper pathogens? J Infect Public Health. 2009;2(2):55-61.Google ScholarPubMed
Gofin, R. Preparedness and response to terrorism. Eur J Public Health. 2005;15(1):100-104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varney, S, Hirshon, JM, Dischinger, P, et al. Extending injury prevention methodology to chemical terrorism preparedness: the Haddon matrix and sarin. Am J Disaster Med. 2005;1(1):18-27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Post, JM. Countering Islamist militancy. An epidemiologic approach. In: Timmerman C, Hutsebaut D, Mels S, et al., eds. Faith Based Radicalism. Christianity, Islam and Judaism: Between Constructive Activism and Destructive Fanaticism. Brussels: PIE Peter Lang; 2007:191-206.Google Scholar
Michael, B, Voas, J, Laplante, P. Cyberpandemics: history, inevitability, response. Secur Privacy. 2009;7(1):63-67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council (US). Committee on Science & Technology for Countering Terrorism. Making the Nation Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2002.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Risk reduction and emergency preparedness: WHO six-year strategy for the health sector and community capacity development. Published 2007. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43736/1/9789241595896_eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed February 8, 2019.Google Scholar
Farmer, BM, Nelson, LS, Graham, ME, et al. Developing a consensus framework and risk profile for agents of opportunity in academic medical centers: implications for public health preparedness. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2010;4(04):318-325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reissman, DB, Kowalski-Trakofler, KM, Katz, CL. Public health practice and disaster resilience: a framework integrating resilience as a worker protection strategy. In: Southwick, SM, Litz, BT, Charnet, D, et al., eds. Resilience and Mental Health: Challenges Across the Lifespan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2011:340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doocy, S, Daniels, A, Packer, C, et al. The human impact of earthquakes: a historical review of events 1980–2009 and systematic literature review. PLoS Curr. 2013;5.Google ScholarPubMed
Kirsch, TD, Mitrani-Reiser, J, Bissell, R, et al. Impact on hospital functions following the 2010 Chilean earthquake. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2010;4(2):122-128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, MR, Kraus, JF. A review of risk factors and patterns of motorcycle injuries. Accid Anal Prev. 2009;41(4):710-722.Google ScholarPubMed
Wall, LL. Preventing obstetric fistulas in low-resource countries: insights from a Haddon matrix. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2012;67(2):111-121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLoughlin, D. A framework for integrated emergency management. Public Admin Rev. 1985;45:165-172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Department of Homeland Security. Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP). November 2019. https://www.fema.gov/hseep. Accessed December 27, 2019.Google Scholar
Takagi, J, Wada, A. Recent earthquakes and the need for a new philosophy for earthquake-resistant design. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. 2018;119:499-507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brancati, D. Political aftershocks: the impact of earthquakes on intrastate conflict. J Confl Resolut. 2007;51(5):715-743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cimellaro, GP, Reinhorn, AM, Bruneau, M. Seismic resilience of a hospital system. Struct Infrastruct Eng. 2010;6(1-2):127-144.Google Scholar
Cimellaro, GP, Solari, D, Bruneau, M. Physical infrastructure interdependency and regional resilience index after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn. 2014;43(12):1763-1784.Google Scholar
Seed, HB, Idriss, IM. Influence of soil conditions on ground motions during earthquakes. J Soil Mech Found Div. 1969;95(1):99-138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seed, HB, Romo, MP, Sun, JI, et al. The Mexico earthquake of September 19, 1985 – relationships between soil conditions and earthquake ground motions. Earthq Spectra. 1988;4(4):687-729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Code Council. International Building Code. Country Club Hills, IL: International Code Council, Inc.; 2017.Google Scholar
Tokimatsu, K, Mizuno, H, Kakurai, M. Building damage associated with geotechnical problems. Soils Found. 1996;36(Special):219-234. doi: 10.1016/j.sandf.2012.11.014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tokimatsu, K, Tamura, S, Suzuki, H, et al. Building damage associated with geotechnical problems in the 2011 Tohoku Pacific Earthquake. Soils Found. 2012;52(5):956-974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacques, CC, McIntosh, J, Giovinazzi, S, et al. Resilience of the Canterbury hospital system to the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Earthq Spectra. 2014;30(1):533-554.Google Scholar
Bruneau, M, Chang, SE, Eguchi, RT, et al. A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities. Earthq Spectra. 2003;19(4):733-752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maley, TJ, Sullivan, TJ, Corte, GD. Development of a displacement-based design method for steel dual systems with buckling-restrained braces and moment-resisting frames. J Earthq Eng. 2010;14(S1):106-140. doi: 10.1080/13632461003651687.Google Scholar
Kiggins, S, Uang, CM. Reducing residual drift of buckling-restrained braced frames as a dual system. Eng Struct. 2006;28(11):1525-1532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boston, M, Richards, PW. Seismic response of BRBFs coupled with heavy gravity columns. In: Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Lisbon, Portugal. September 27, 2012.Google Scholar
Karakostas, C, Lekidis, V, Makarios, T, et al. Seismic response of structures and infrastructure facilities during the Lefkada, Greece earthquake of 14/8/2003. Eng Struct. 2005;27(2):213-227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kircher, CA, Whitman, RV, Holmes, WT. HAZUS earthquake loss estimation methods. Nat Hazards Rev. 2006;7(2):45-59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbat, AH, Pujades, LG, Lantada, N. Performance of buildings under earthquakes in Barcelona, Spain. Comput Aided Civ Inf Eng. 2006;21(8):573-593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erochko, J, Christopoulos, C, Tremblay, R. , Design, testing, and detailed component modeling of a high-capacity self-centering energy-dissipative brace. J Struct Eng. 2014;141(8):04014193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qu, B, Liu, X, Hou, H, et al. Testing of buckling-restrained braces with replaceable steel angle fuses. J Struct Eng. 2018;144(3):04018001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeh, AG, Yuen, B. Tall building living in high density cities: a comparison of Hong Kong and Singapore. In: High-Rise Living in Asian Cities. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer; 2011:9-23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giridharan, R, Ganesan, S, Lau, SSY. Daytime urban heat island effect in high-rise and high-density residential developments in Hong Kong. Energ Buildings. 2004;36(6):525-534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
City and County of San Francisco Planning Department San Francisco General Plan: 2014 housing element, part I: data and needs analysis. Published 2015. http://www.sf-planning.org/ftp/General_Plan/2014HousingElement-AllParts_ADOPTED_web.pdf. Accessed February 8, 2019.Google Scholar
Vickery, PJ, Skerlj, PF, Lin, J, et al. HAZUS-MH hurricane model methodology. II: damage and loss estimation. Nat Hazards Rev. 2006;7(2):94-103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khademi, N, Balaei, B, Shahri, M, et al. Transportation network vulnerability analysis for the case of a catastrophic earthquake. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2015;12:234-254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dueñas-Osorio, L, Kwasinski, A. Quantification of lifeline system interdependencies after the 27 February 2010 Mw 8.8 offshore Maule, Chile, earthquake. Earthq Spectra. 2012;28(S1):S581-S603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultz, CH, Koenig, KL, Lewis, RJ. Implications of hospital evacuation after the Northridge, California, earthquake. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(14):1349-1355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Achour, N, Miyajima, M, Kitaura, M, et al. Earthquake-induced structural and nonstructural damage in hospitals. Earthq Spectra. 2011;27(3):617-634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yavari, S, Chang, SE, Elwood, KJ. Modeling post-earthquake functionality of regional health care facilities. Earthq Spectra. 2010;26(3):869-892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, JF, Bommer, JJ. Earthquake losses due to ground failure. Eng Geol. 2004;75(2):147-179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yanagawa, Y, Kondo, H, Okawa, T, et al. Lessons learned from the total evacuation of a hospital after the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake. J Emerg Manag. 2017;15(4):259-263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodge, JG. Legal triage during public health emergencies and disasters. Admin Law Rev. 2006;58:627-644.Google Scholar
California Hospital Association, Preparing Hospitals for Disasters. Hazard vulnerability analysis. January 2017. http://www.calhospitalprepare.org/hazard-vulnerability-analysis. Accessed August 8, 2017.Google Scholar
Hodge, JG, Garcia, AM, Anderson, ED, et al. Emergency legal preparedness for hospitals and health care personnel. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2009;3(S1):S37-S44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sauer, LM, McCarthy, ML, Knebel, A, et al. Major influences on hospital emergency management and disaster preparedness. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2009;3(S1):S68-S73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Surge hospitals: providing safe care in emergencies. Published 2006. http://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/surge_hospital.pdf. Accessed February 22, 2019.Google Scholar
Niska, RW, Shimizu, I. Hospital preparedness for emergency response: United States, 2008. Natl Health Stat Rep. 2011;24(37):1-14.Google Scholar
Emergency Management Assistance Compact. 1996. http://www.emacweb.org. Accessed December 6, 2019.Google Scholar
Uniform Emergency Volunteer Health Practitioners Act. National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. Published 2007. https://www.uniformlaws.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=fff8c947-ec9b-0614-34d1-ed200f3b4c41&forceDialog=0. Accessed December 29, 2019.Google Scholar
Koh, D, Lim, MK, Chia, SE, et al. Risk perception and impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) on work and personal lives of healthcare workers in Singapore: what can we learn? Med Care. 2005;43(7):676-682.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qureshi, K, Gershon, MR, Sherman, MF, et al. Health care workers’ ability and willingness to report to duty during catastrophic disasters. J Urban Health. 2005;82(3):378-388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnett, DJ, Thompson, CB, Semon, NL, et al. EPPM and willingness to respond: the role of risk and efficacy communication in strengthening public health emergency response systems. Health Commun. 2014;29(6):598-609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, KL, Errett, NA, Rutkow, L. An intervention for enhancing public health crisis response willingness among local health department workers: a qualitative programmatic analysis. Am J Disaster Med. 2014;9(2):87-96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnett, DJ, Thompson, CB, Errett, NA, et al. Determinants of emergency response willingness in the local public health workforce by jurisdictional and scenario patterns: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stuhltrager, J. Send in the Guard: The National Guard response to natural disasters. Nat Resour Environ. 2006;20(4):21-77.Google Scholar
Kinnunen, U, Mauno, S. Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict among employed women and men in Finland. Hum Relat. 1998;51(2):157-177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jobe, K. Disaster relief in post-earthquake Haiti: unintended consequences of humanitarian volunteerism. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2011;9(1):1-5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, SE. Urban disaster recovery: a measurement framework and its application to the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Disasters. 2010;34(2):303-327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilsch, A, Henry, MJ, Herrmann, B, et al. Slow‐delta phase concentration marks improved temporal expectations based on the passage of time. Psychophysiology. 2015;52(7):910-918.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Little, RG. Controlling cascading failure: understanding the vulnerabilities of interconnected infrastructures. J Urban Technol. 2002;9(1):109-123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wald, DJ, Jaiswal, KS, Allen, TI, et al. Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER): a system for rapidly determining the impact of earthquakes worldwide. Reston, VA: US Geological Survey; 2009.Google Scholar