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Experience and Preparedness of Major Incidents in Developing Countries

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 April 2013

Farooq A. Rathore ,
James E. Gosney ,
Gholam Reza Raissi  and
Jianan Li
Farooq A. Rathore*
Affiliation:
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore Cantt, Pakistan International Rehabilitation Forum, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
James E. Gosney
Affiliation:
International Rehabilitation Forum, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Gholam Reza Raissi
Affiliation:
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Repair Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Jianan Li
Affiliation:
International Rehabilitation Forum, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Farooq Azam Rathore MBBS, FCPS, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore Cantt, Pakistan. (Email farooqrathore@gmail.com)
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Type
Letters to the Editor
Information
Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , Volume 7 , Issue 2 , April 2013 , pp. 127 - 128
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc. 2013 

To the Editor:

Previous experience in major incidents results in improved performance in future events.Reference Seyedin, Zaboli and Ravaghi1 Common qualitative areas of response affecting future incidents include policy, rules, and standards; evaluation and assessment; professional education; and institutional memory. Based on our experience, we have developed a list of recommendations to improve national disaster management systems.

Catastrophic earthquakes during the past decade in developing countries in Asia (Bam, Iran, 2003;Reference Raissi2, Reference Raissi, Mokhtari and Mansouri3 Kashmi, Pakistan, 2005;Reference Rathore, Farooq, Muzammil, New, Ahmad and Haig4, Reference Rathore, Rashid, Butt, Malik, Gill and Haig5 and Sichuan, China, 2008Reference Li, Reinhardt and Gosney6, Reference Zhang, Hu and Reinhardt7) have resulted in large numbers of severe traumatic injuries including bone fracture, amputation, brain injury, and spinal cord injury (SCI). Experience managing these disabling injuries has demonstrated the benefit of high quality medical rehabilitation immediately after the event. Reported benefits are quicker recovery, fewer medical complications, significant improvement in physical functional outcomes, and improved overall quality of life.Reference Rathore, Gosney and Reinhardt8

Barriers to providing effective early rehabilitation for SCI victims, however, include the following:

  • • Lack of systematic patient and population data collection

  • • Lack of rehabilitation professionals

  • • Delayed diagnosis and wrong diagnosis of SCI in patients with severe back pain from major muscular trauma and patients with peripheral nerve injuries and plexopathies

  • • Management of SCI by nonprofessional volunteers and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that lack expertise in disability management

  • • Lack of SCI rehabilitation training and education for nonrehabilitation professionals and for patients and families

After the earthquake in Bam, one of us (G.R.) visited SCI patients as part of a mobile team. Patient data were insufficient for effective management, and the physician concluded that preparation for future earthquakes should include local, multilevel SCI education. Consequently, he developed a short course to educate general practitioners and patient and families.Reference Raissi2 Rehabilitation needs highlighted by the earthquake have also resulted in the training of more specialist rehabilitation physicians in Iran.

In Pakistan, the value of early rehabilitation demonstrated after the 2005 earthquake has contributed to a significant increase in qualified rehabilitation physicians to 43 in 2011 compared to 25 before the incident. Most of these physicians serve in the military sector, where rehabilitation infrastructure is relatively well developed compared to civil society and where institutionalized disaster response experience is greater.

In China, systematic data collection on the SCI survivors in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake enabled functional rehabilitation gains to be scientifically demonstrated.Reference Li, Reinhardt and Gosney6, Reference Zhang, Hu and Reinhardt7, Reference Hu, Zhang and Gosney9 Lessons learned from comprehensive rehabilitation services programming—which models close cooperation among NGOs, local health departments, and domestic rehabilitation professional volunteers—were even more effectively applied in the 2010 Yushu earthquake, and continue to be refined. Included in the programming were SCI rehabilitation training and education curriculum and materials developed for nonrehabilitation professionals and for patients and their caregivers.Reference Nielsen10

Although early medical rehabilitation in recent earthquakes in developing countries has proven effective, it is not generally considered essential to disaster preparedness and response.Reference Benjamin, Bassily-Marcus, Babu, Silver and Martin11, Reference Born, Cullison, Dean, Hayda, McSwain, Riddles and Shimkus12 Measures taken to improve the number and quality of services after the incident, such as SCI data collection and provider education and training, strengthen the case for providing early rehabilitation and align with the recommendations for improved preparedness and response of future major incidents. Further development and incorporation of these efforts at all organizational levels are required to decrease morbidity and associated disability after earthquakes.

Funding and Support

Dr Rathore is supported by a Michael Mole Fellowship, World Association of Disaster and Emergency Medicine.

References

1.Seyedin, H, Zaboli, R, Ravaghi, H. Major incident experience and preparedness in a developing country. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2012, July 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Seyedin+H%2C+Zaboli+R. Accessed February 16, 2013.Google Scholar
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