Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T05:45:51.228Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Human Stampedes: A Systematic Review of Historical and Peer-Reviewed Sources

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2013

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Review
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc. 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Gill, JR, Landi, K. Traumatic asphyxial deaths due to an uncontrolled crowd. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2004;25:358361.Google Scholar
2.DeAngeles, D, Schurr, M, Birnbaum, M, et alTraumatic asphyxia following stadium crowd surge: stadium factors affecting outcome. WMJ. 1998;97:4245.Google Scholar
3.Begum, AA. Unnatural deaths during Zakat distribution. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 1993;19:99102.Google Scholar
4.Wardrope, J, Ryan, F, Clark, G, et alThe Hillsborough tragedy. BMJ. 1991;303:13811385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Fred, HL, Chandler, FW. Traumatic asphyxia. Am J Med. 1960;29:508517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Williams, JS, Minken, SL, Adams, JT. Traumatic asphyxia—reappraised. Ann Surg. 1968;167:384392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Sklar, DP, Baack, B, McFeeley, P, et alTraumatic asphyxia in New Mexico: a five-year experience. Am J Emerg Med. 1988;6:219223.Google Scholar
8.Byard, RW, Wick, R, Simpson, E, et alThe pathological features and circumstances of death of lethal crush/traumatic asphyxia in adults—a 25-year study. Forensic Sci Int. 2006;159:200205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Elliott, D, Smith, D. Football stadia disasters in the United Kingdom: learning from tragedy? Ind Environ Crisis Q. 1993;7:205229.Google Scholar
10.Smith, RA, Dickie, JF. Engineering for Crowd Safety. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1993.Google Scholar
11.Lowe, L, Rapini, RP, Johnson, TM. Traumatic asphyxia. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;23:972974.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Byard, RW. The brassiere “sign”—a distinctive marker in crush asphyxia. J Clin Forensic Med. 2005;12:316319.Google Scholar
13.Sandiford, JA, Sickler, D. Traumatic asphyxia with severe neurological sequelae. J Trauma. 1974;14:805810.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Jongewaard, WR, Cogbill, TH, Landercasper, J. Neurologic consequences of traumatic asphyxia. J Trauma. 1992;32:2831.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Simpson, KM. Mass asphyxia medical aspects of the tube shelter disaster. Lancet. 1943;242:309311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Thompson, J. Surviving a disaster. Lancet. 2003 362;(Suppl):s56s57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17.Yu, WJ, Chen, R, Dong, LY, et alCentrifugal force model for pedestrian dynamics. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2005;72:026112.Google Scholar
18.Helbing, D, Farkas, I, Vicsek, T. Simulating dynamical features of escape panic. Nature. 2000;407:487490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Helbing, D, Johansson, A, Al-Abideen, HZ. Dynamics of crowd disasters: an empirical study. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2007;75:046109.Google Scholar
20.Johnson, NR. Panic at “The Who concert stampede”: an empirical assessment. Soc Probl. 1987;34:362373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Smelser, NJ. Theory of Collective Behavior. New York: The Free Press; 1963.Google Scholar
22.Mintz, A. Non-adaptive group behavior. J Abnorm Psychol. 1951;46:150159.Google Scholar
23.Kelley, HH, Condry, JCJ, Dahlke, AE, et alCollective behavior in a simulated panic situation. J Exp Social Psychol. 1965;1:2054.Google Scholar
24.Quarantelli, E. The behavior of panic participants. Social Social Res. 1957;41:187194.Google Scholar
25.Keating, JP. The myth of panic. Fire J. 1982;147:5761.Google Scholar
26.Dickie, JF. Major crowd catastrophes. Safety Sci. 1995;18:309320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Madzimbamuto, F, Madamombe, T. Traumatic asphyxia during stadium stampede. Cent Afr J Med. 2004;50:6972.Google ScholarPubMed
28.Funerals for Iraqi stampede dead. 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4200000/newsid_4203700/4203780.stm. Accessed May 20, 2008.Google Scholar
29.Crowd Dynamics Ltd—Crowd Disasters. http://www.crowddynamics.com/Main/Crowddisasters.html. Accessed May 20, 2008.Google Scholar
30.CNNSI.com—Soccer—Major stadium disasters. Wednesday May 9, 2001. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/news/2000/07/09/stadium_disasters_ap. Accessed May 20, 2008.Google Scholar
31.History of deaths on the Hajj. 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4607304.stm. Accessed April 3, 2008.Google Scholar
32.Hundreds killed in Hajj stampede. 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3448779.stm. Accessed May 20, 2008.Google Scholar
33.Arson probe into India stampede. 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4207811.stm. Accessed May 20, 2008.Google Scholar
34.Hundreds killed in Hajj—stampede. 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4600000/newsid_4606500/4606568.stm. Accessed May 20, 2008.Google Scholar
35.Khodynka Tragedy. 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/khodynka_tragedy?oldid=212012425. Accessed May 20, 2008.Google Scholar
36.Lehto, S. Death's Door: The Truth Behind Michigan's Largest Mass Murder. 1st ed. Royal Oak, MI: Momentum Books; 2006.Google Scholar
37.United States Supreme Court. Schenk v. United States 249 US 47 (1919).Google Scholar
38.Madzimbamuto, FD. A hospital response to a soccer stadium stampede in Zimbabwe. Emerg Med J. 2003;20:556559.Google Scholar
39.Yu W, Johansson A. Modeling crowd turbulence by many-particle simulations. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2007;76:046105 Epub October 10, 2007.Google Scholar
40.Memish, ZA, Venkatesh, S, Ahmed, QA. Travel epidemiology: the Saudi perspective. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003;21:96101.Google Scholar
41.Wardrope, J, Hockey, MS, Crosby, AC. The hospital response to the Hillsborough tragedy. Injury. 1990;21:5357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42.Grech, ED, Bellamy, CM, Epstein, EJ, et alThe Hillsborough tragedy. BMJ. 1992;304:573574.Google Scholar
43.Page, A. The Hillsborough tragedy. BMJ. 1992;304:574.Google Scholar
44.Franklin, C. Elm road and Hillsborough: tragedy, the law, and medicine. Intensive Care Med. 1993;19:307308.Google Scholar
45.Slater, D. Hillsborough television drama. BMJ. 1997;314:901902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46.Walker, E. Not all those who died after Hillsborough did so by 3:15 pm. BMJ. 1997;314:1283.Google Scholar
47.Ahmed, QA, Arabi, YM, Memish, ZA. Health risks at the Hajj. Lancet. 2006;367:10081015.Google Scholar
48.Emergency Events Database. http://www.emdat.be. Accessed October 14, 2008.Google Scholar