Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T08:16:36.411Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

THE ENDURING CHALLENGE OF RACIAL INTEGRATION IN THE UNITED STATES

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2015

Sharon Stanley
Sharon Stanley*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, University of Memphis
*
*Corresponding author: Sharon Stanley, Department of Political Science, University of Memphis, 437 Clement Hall, Memphis, TN 38152. E-mail: sastanly@memphis.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper formulates a new model of racial integration for African Americans in the United States, based upon a careful consideration of the weaknesses in previous models. Instead of spatial mixing, this model of integration calls for transformed habits of interaction between citizens in public spaces, as well as a redistribution of power, understood as access to resources and opportunities. Integration along these lines would produce mutual transformation rather than compulsory assimilation. However, this model does not necessarily answer the concerns of integration critics who question the capacity of the United States to achieve true racial equality. Hence, the conclusion considers three significant obstacles to the achievement of integration, and acknowledges that unprecedented, radical transformations would be necessary to lay the groundwork for integration. In the end, both integration pessimism and a renewed commitment to integration are reasonable and defensible responses to our still-segregated present.

Keywords

IntegrationSegregationAssimilationBlacksWhitesUnited States of America
Type
State of the Discipline
Information
Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race , Volume 12 , Issue 1 , Spring 2015 , pp. 5 - 24
Copyright
Copyright © Hutchins Center for African and African American Research 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores (2000). Residential Segregation and the Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases. Social Science & Medicine, 51: 1143–1161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, Michelle (2006). Radical Integration. California Law Review, 94(2): 261–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alcoff, Linda Martin (2003). Latino/as, Asian Americans, and the Black-White Binary. The Journal of Ethics, 7: 5–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, Michelle (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
Allen, Danielle (2006). Talking to Strangers: Anxieties of Citizenship since Brown v. Board of Education. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Allport, Gordon (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Anderson, Elizabeth (2010). The Imperative of Integration. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, James (1993). The Fire Next Time. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Balfour, Lawrie (1999). The Appeal of Innocence: Baldwin, Walzer, and the Bounds of Social Criticism. The Review of Politics, 61(3): 373–401.Google Scholar
Bell, Derrick (1993). Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Boger, John Charles and Orfield, Gary (Eds.) (2006). School Resegregation: Must the South Turn Back? Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, Roy (1996). Integration or Separation? A Strategy for Racial Equality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954). 347 U.S. 483.Google Scholar
Bryant, Meredith Lee (2001). Combating School Resegregation Through Housing: A Need for a Reconceptualization of American Democracy and the Rights It Protects. In powell, john a., Kearney, Gavin, and Kay, Vina (Eds.), In Pursuit of a Dream Deferred: Linking Housing and Education Policy, pp. 48–87. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Cashin, Sheryll (2005). The Failures of Integration: How Race and Class are Undermining the American Dream. New York: PublicAffairs.Google Scholar
Dixon, John, Durrheim, Kevin, and Tredoux, Colin (2007). Intergroup Contact Attitudes toward the Principle and Practice of Racial Equality. Psychological Science, 18(10): 867–872.Google Scholar
Du Bois, W. E. B. (2005). The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc.Google Scholar
Fiss, Owen (2003). A Way Out: America’s Ghettos and the Legacy of Racism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gennetian, Lisa A., Sanbonmatsu, Lisa, Katz, Lawrence F., Kling, Jeffrey R., Sciandra, Matthew, Ludwig, Jens, Duncan, Greg J., and Kessler, Ronald C. (2012). The Long-Term Effects of Moving to Opportunity on Youth Outcomes. Cityscape, 14(2): 137–167.Google Scholar
Gobillon, Laurent, Sebold, Harris, and Zenou, Yvez (2007). The Mechanisms of Spatial Mismatch. Urban Studies, 44(12): 2401–2427.Google Scholar
Grady, Sue C. (2006). Racial Disparaties in Low Birthweight and the Contribution of Residential Segregation: A Multilevel Analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 63: 3013–3029.Google Scholar
Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (1968). 391 U.S. 430.Google Scholar
Greenwald, Anthony G., McGhee, Debbie E., and Schwartz, Jordan L. K. (1998). Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6): 1464–1480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hailey, Sarah E. and Olson, Kristina R. (2013). A Social Psychologist’s Guide to the Development of Racial Attitudes. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(7): 457–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayward, Clarissa Rile (2000). De-Facing Power. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ito, T. A. and Urland, G. R. (2003). Race and Gender on the Brain: Electrocortical Measures of Attention to the Race and Gender of Multiply Categorizable Individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85: 615–626.Google Scholar
Jackman, Mary R. and Crane, Marie (1986). “Some of My Best Friends Are Black…”: Interracial Friendship and Whites’ Racial Attitudes. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 50(4): 459–486.Google Scholar
Jackson, Sharon A., Anderson, Roger T., Johnson, Norman J., and Sorlie, Paul D. (2000). The Relation of Residential Segregation to All-Cause Mortality: A Study in Black and White. American Journal of Public Health, 90(4): 615–617.Google ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, Jonathan and Valls, Andrew (2007). Housing Discrimination as a Basis for Black Reparations. Public Affairs Quarterly, 21(3): 255–273.Google Scholar
King, Martin Luther (1991). The Ethical Demands for Integration. In Washington, James M. (Ed.), A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., pp. 117–125. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Kozol, Jonathan (2006). The Shame of the Nation: The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America. New York: Three Rivers Press.Google Scholar
Lawrence, Charles R. III (2001). Segregation Misunderstood: The Milliken Decision Revisited. In powell, john a., Kearney, Gavin, and Kay, Vina (Eds.), In Pursuit of a Dream Deferred: Linking Housing and Education Policy, pp. 183–208. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Legal Services for Prisoners with Children (LSPC) (2014). All of Us or None. <http://www.prisonerswithchildren.org/our-projects/allofus-or-none/> (accessed August 5, 2014).+(accessed+August+5,+2014).>Google Scholar
Ludwig, Jens (2012). Guest Editor’s Introduction. Cityscape, 14(2): 1–28.Google Scholar
Malcolm, X (1964). The Ballot or the Bullet Speech. Cleveland, OH. <http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/speeches/malcolm_x_ballot.html> (accessed August 4, 2014).+(accessed+August+4,+2014).>Google Scholar
Massey, Douglas and Denton, Nancy (1993). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Milliken v. Bradley (1974). 418 U.S. 717.Google Scholar
Moore, Latetia V. and Diez Roux, Ana V. (2006). Associations of Neighborhood Characteristics With the Location and Type of Food Stores. American Journal of Public Health, 96(2): 325–331.Google Scholar
Morello-Frosch, Rachel and Jesdale, Bill M. (2006). Separate and Unequal: Residential Segregation and Estimated Cancer Risks Associated with Ambient Air Toxics in U.S. Metropolitan Areas. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(3): 386–393.Google Scholar
Olson, Joel (2004). The Abolition of White Democracy. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Orfield, Gary and Eaton, Susan (1997). Dismantling Desegregation: The Quiet Reversal of Brown v. Board of Education. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007). 551 U.S. 701.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, Thomas F. and Tropp, Linda R. (2006). A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(50): 751–783.Google Scholar
powell, john a. (1995). Living and Learning: Linking Housing and Education. Minnesota Law Review, 80: 749–794.Google Scholar
powell, john a. (2005). A New Theory of Integrated Education: True Integration. In Boger, John Charles and Orfield, Gary (Eds.), School Resegregation: Must the South Turn Back?, pp. 281–304. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
powell, john a. (2012). Racing to Justice: Transforming our Conceptions of Self and Other to Build an Inclusive Society. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Quillian, Lincoln (2006). New Approaches to Understanding Racial Prejudice and Discrimination. Annual Review of Sociology, 32: 299–328.Google Scholar
Quinn, Lois and Pawasarat, John (2003). Racial Integration in Urban America: A Block Level Analysis of African American and White Housing Patterns. <http://www4.uwm.edu/eti/integration/integration.pdf> (accessed August 5, 2014).+(accessed+August+5,+2014).>Google Scholar
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948). 334 U.S. 1.Google Scholar
Shroder, Mark D. and Orr, Larry L. (2012). Moving to Opportunity: Why, How, and What Next? Cityscape, 14(2): 31–56.Google Scholar
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education (1971). 402 U.S. 1.Google Scholar
Taeuber, Alma and Taeuber, Karl (1965). Negroes in Cities: Residential Segregation and Neighborhood Change. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. Philip (2003). Beyond Moralizing. In Fiss, Owen, A Way Out: America’s Ghettos and the Legacy of Racism, pp. 60–67. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ture, Kwame and Hamilton, Charles (1992). Black Power: The Politics of Liberation. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Turner, Margery Austin, Santos, Rob, Levy, Diane K., Wissoker, Doug, Aranda, Claudia, and Pitingolo, Rob (2013). Housing Discrimination Against Racial and Ethnic Minorities 2012. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.Google Scholar
Valls, Andrew (2010). A Liberal Defense of Black Nationalism. The American Political Science Review, 104(3): 467–481.Google Scholar
Van Bavel, Jay J. and Cunningham, William A. (2009). Self-Categorization With a Novel Mixed-Race Group Moderates Automatic Social and Racial Biases. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(3): 321–335.Google Scholar
Young, Iris (2000). Inclusion and Democracy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar