Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T07:26:45.717Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Advances in Quaternary studies and geomorphology in Scotland: implications for geoconservation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 May 2019

John E. GORDON*
Affiliation:
School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AL, UK. Email: jeg4@st-andrews.ac.uk
Vanessa BRAZIER
Affiliation:
Scottish Natural Heritage, Battleby, Redgorton, Perth PH1 3EW, UK.
Jim D. HANSOM
Affiliation:
School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
Alan WERRITTY
Affiliation:
School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK.
*
*Corresponding author

Abstract

Quaternary deposits and landforms are an integral component of Scotland's geodiversity and natural heritage with intrinsic, scientific, educational, cultural, aesthetic and ecological values. Their conservation is founded on the assessment and safeguard of key protected areas principally for their scientific values. The evaluation of site networks for Quaternary deposits and landforms (including glacial, fluvial, coastal, mass movement, karst and cave features) has evolved since the late 1940s, culminating in the Great Britain Geological Conservation Review (GCR) site assessments undertaken principally between 1977 and the early 1990s. Significant scientific progress since then has arisen, for example, from re-investigation of existing sites and discoveries of new sites, developments in geochronology and the formulation and application of new concepts and models. Both the GCR site lists and the supporting site documentation now require updating in the light of this progress. Today there is greater emphasis on the wider, non-scientific values of geoconservation including, for example, on ecosystem services, links with biodiversity and cultural heritage, geotourism and the benefits for human health and wellbeing through improved understanding of dynamic landscapes, climate change and natural hazards. Involvement of wider public support beyond the geoscience community and fostering better integration of geoheritage within the developing nature conservation agenda, including a land systems approach, protected area planning and management, natural capital and connecting people and nature, will help further to protect our Quaternary geoheritage.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Society of Edinburgh 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

9. References

Addy, S., Soulsby, C., Hartley, A. J. & Tetzlaff, D. 2011. Characterisation of channel reach morphology and associated controls in deglaciated montane catchments in the Cairngorms, Scotland. Geomorphology 132, 176186.Google Scholar
Agassiz, L. 1842. The glacial theory and its recent progress. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 33, 217283.Google Scholar
Anderson, M. G., Clark, M. & Sheldon, A. O. 2014. Estimating climate resilience for conservation across geophysical settings. Conservation Biology 28, 959970.Google Scholar
Anderson, M. G. & Ferree, C. E. 2010. Conserving the stage: climate change and the geophysical underpinnings of species diversity. PLoS ONE 5, e11554.Google Scholar
Angus, S., Hansom, J. D. & Rennie, A. 2011. Habitat change on Scotland's coasts. In Marrs, S. J., Foster, S., Hendrie, C., Mackey, E. C. & Thompson, D. B. A. (eds) The changing nature of Scotland, 183198. Edinburgh: TSO Scotland.Google Scholar
Angus, S. & Hansom, J. D. 2006. Tir a' Mhachair, Tir nan Loch? Climate change scenarios for Scottish machair systems: a wetter future. In Angus, S. & Ritchie, W. (eds) Sand dune machair 4, 2936. Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Institute for Coastal Science and Management.Google Scholar
Anon. 1945. National Geological Reserves in England and Wales. Report by the Geological Reserves Sub-committee of the Nature Reserves Investigation Committee. Conference on Nature Reserves in Post-War Reconstruction, Memorandum No. 5. London: British Museum (Natural History).Google Scholar
Arkley, S. L. B., Browne, M. A. E., Albornoz-Parra, L. J. & Barron, H. F. 2011. East Dunbartonshire geodiversity audit. British Geological Survey Open Report OR/09/019.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. 2012. Chronology of glaciation and deglaciation during the Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stade in the Scottish Highlands: implications of recalibrated 10Be exposure ages. Boreas 41, 513526.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. 2013. Lateglacial rock-slope failures in the Scottish Highlands. Scottish Geographical Journal 129, 6784.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. 2018. After the ice: Lateglacial and Holocene landforms and landscape evolution in Scotland. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175569101800004X.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K., Wilson, P., Gheorghiu, D. & Rodés, À. 2014. Enhanced rock-slope failure following ice-sheet deglaciation: timing and causes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 39, 900913.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K., Dawson, S., Dick, R., Fabel, D., Kralikaite, E., Milne, F., Sandeman, G. F. & Xu, S. 2018. The coastal landslides of Shetland. Scottish Geographical Journal 134, 7196.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. & Small, D. 2018. The last Scottish Ice Sheet. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691018000038.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. & Stone, J. O. 2013. Timing and periodicity of paraglacial rock-slope failures in the Scottish Highlands. Geomorphology 186, 150161.Google Scholar
Baltzer, A., Bates, R., Mokeddem, Z., Clet-Pellerin, M., Walter-Simonnet, A.-V., Bonnot-Courtois, C. & Austin, W. E. N. 2010. Using seismic facies and pollen analyses to evaluate climatically driven change in a Scottish sea loch (fjord) over the last 20 ka. In Howe, J. A., Austin, W. E. N., Forwick, M. & Paetzel, M. (eds) Fjord systems and archives, Volume 344, 355369. London: Geological Society, Special Publications.Google Scholar
Barchyn, T. E., Dowling, T. P. F., Stokes, C. R. & Hugenholtz, C. H. 2016. Subglacial bed form morphology controlled by ice speed and sediment thickness. Geophysical Research Letters 43, 75727580.Google Scholar
Beaumont, N. J., Jones, L., Garbutt, A., Hansom, J. D. & Tobermann, M. 2014. The value of carbon sequestration and storage in coastal habitats. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 137, 3240.Google Scholar
Beier, P., Hunter, M. L. & Anderson, M. G. 2015. Special section: conserving nature's stage. Conservation Biology 29, 613617.Google Scholar
Benn, D. I. & Ballantyne, C. K. 2005. Palaeoclimatic reconstruction from Loch Lomond Readvance glaciers in the West Drumochter Hills, Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 20, 577592.Google Scholar
Bennett, K. D., Bunting, M. J. & Fossitt, J. A. 1997. Long-term vegetation change in the Western and Northern Isles, Scotland. Botanical Journal of Scotland 49, 127140.Google Scholar
Bickerdike, H. L., Evans, D. J. A., Stokes, C. R. & Ó Cofaigh, C. 2018a. The glacial geomorphology of the Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stadial in Britain: a review. Journal of Quaternary Science 33, 154.Google Scholar
Bickerdike, H. L., Ó Cofaigh, C., Evans, D. J. A. & Stokes, C. R. 2018b. Glacial landsystems, retreat dynamics and controls on Loch Lomond Stadial (Younger Dryas) glaciation in Britain. Boreas 47, 202224.Google Scholar
Bishop, P., Hoey, T. B., Jansen, J. D. & Artza, I. L. 2005. Knickpoint recession rate and catchment area: the case of uplifted rivers in eastern Scotland. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 30, 767778.Google Scholar
Boston, C. M., Lukas, S. & Carr, S. J. 2015. A Younger Dryas plateau icefield in the Monadhliath, Scotland, and implications for regional palaeoclimate. Quaternary Science Reviews 108, 139162.Google Scholar
Bradley, S. L., Milne, G. A., Shennan, I. & Edwards, R. 2011. An improved glacial isostatic adjustment model for the British Isles. Journal of Quaternary Science 26, 541552.Google Scholar
Bradwell, T., Stoker, M. S. & Larter, R. 2007. Geomorphological signature and flow dynamics of The Minch palaeo-ice stream, NW Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 22, 609617.Google Scholar
Bradwell, T., Stoker, M. S., Golledge, N. R., Wilson, C. K., Merritt, J. W., Long, D., Everest, J. D., Hestvik, O. B., Stevenson, A. G., Hubbard, A. L., Finlayson, A. G. & Mathers, H. E. 2008. The northern sector of the last British Ice Sheet: maximum extent and demise. Earth-Science Reviews 88, 207226.Google Scholar
Bradwell, T. & Stoker, M. 2015. Asymmetric ice-sheet retreat pattern around northern Scotland revealed by marine geophysical surveys. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 105, 297322.Google Scholar
Brasington, J., Rumsby, B. T. & McVey, R. A. 2000. Monitoring and modelling morphological change in a braided reach of a gravel-bed river using high resolution GPS-based survey. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 25, 973990.Google Scholar
Brayshay, B. A. & Edwards, K. J. 1996. Late-glacial and Holocene vegetational history of South Uist and Barra. In Gilbertson, D., Kent, M. & Grattan, J. (eds) The Outer Hebrides. The last 14,000 years, 1326. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.Google Scholar
Brazier, V., Bruneau, P. M. C., Gordon, J. E. & Rennie, A. F. 2012. Making space for nature in a changing climate: the role of geodiversity in biodiversity conservation. Scottish Geographical Journal 128, 211233.Google Scholar
Brazier, V., Gordon, J. E., Faulkner, M., Warner, D., Hoole, K. & Blair, J. 2017. The Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, Scotland: geoconservation history and challenges. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 128, 151162.Google Scholar
Brilha, J. 2018a. Geoheritage: inventories and evaluation. In Reynard, E. & Brilha, J. (eds) Geoheritage. Assessment, protection, and management, 6985. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Brilha, J. 2018b. Geoheritage and geoparks. In Reynard, E. & Brilha, J. (eds) Geoheritage. Assessment, protection, and management, 323334. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Brilha, J., Gray, M., Pereira, D. I. & Pereira, P. 2018. Geodiversity: an integrative review as a contribution to the sustainable management of the whole of nature. Environmental Science & Policy 86, 1928.Google Scholar
Bromley, G. R. M., Putnam, A. E., Rademaker, K. M., Lowell, T. V., Schaefer, J. M., Hall, B., Winckler, G., Birkel, S. D. & Borns, H. W. 2014. Younger Dryas deglaciation of Scotland driven by warming summers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 111, 62156219.Google Scholar
Bromley, G., Putnam, A., Borns, H. Jr., Lowell, T., Sandford, T. & Barrell, D. 2018. Interstadial rise and Younger Dryas demise of Scotland's last ice fields. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology 33, 412429.Google Scholar
Brooks, A. J., Kenyon, N. H., Leslie, A., Long, D. & Gordon, J. E. 2013. Characterising Scotland's marine environment to define search locations for new Marine Protected Areas. Part 2: The identification of key geodiversity areas in Scottish Waters. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 432.Google Scholar
Brooks, S. J., Davies, K. L., Mather, K. A., Matthews, I. P. & Lowe, J. J. 2016. Chironomid-inferred summer temperatures for the Last Glacial–Interglacial Transition from a lake sediment sequence in Muir Park Reservoir, west-central Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 31, 214224.Google Scholar
Brown, E. J., Gordon, J. E., Burek, C. V., Campbell, S. & Bridgland, D. R. 2014. Geoconservation and the Quaternary Research Association. In Catt, J. A. & Candy, I. (eds) The history of the Quaternary Research Association, 405431. London: Quaternary Research Association.Google Scholar
Brown, E. J., Evans, D. H., Larwood, J. G., Prosser, C. D. & Townley, H. C. 2018. Geoconservation and geoscience in England: a mutually beneficial relationship. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 129, 492504.Google Scholar
Buhl-Mortensen, L., Buhl-Mortensen, P., Dolan, M. F. J. & Holte, B. 2015. The MAREANO programme – A full coverage mapping of the Norwegian off-shore benthic environment and fauna. Marine Biology Research 11, 417.Google Scholar
Bunting, M. J. 1994. Vegetation history of Orkney, Scotland; pollen records from two small basins in west Mainland. New Phytologist 128, 771792.Google Scholar
Burek, C. V. 2012. The importance of Quaternary geoconservation. Quaternary Newsletter 126, 2533.Google Scholar
Burek, C. V. & Prosser, C. D. 2008. The history of geoconservation: an introduction. In Burek, C. V. & Prosser, C. D. (eds) The history of geoconservation, Volume 300, 15. London: Geological Society, Special Publications.Google Scholar
Burrows, M. T., Kamenos, N. A., Hughes, D. J., Stahl, H., Howe, J. A. & Tet, P. 2014. Assessment of carbon budgets and potential blue carbon stores in Scotland's coastal and marine environment. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 761.Google Scholar
Callard, S. L., Ó Cofaigh, C., Benetti, S., Chiverrell, R. C., Van Landeghem, K. J. J., Saher, M. H., Gales, J. A., Small, D., Clark, C. D., Livingstone, S. J., Fabel, D. & Moreton, S. G. 2018. Extent and retreat history of the Barra Fan Ice Stream offshore western Scotland and northern Ireland during the last glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews 201, 280302.Google Scholar
Castillo, M., Bishop, P. & Jansen, J. D. 2013. Knickpoint retreat and transient bedrock channel morphology triggered by base-level fall in small bedrock river catchments: the case of the Isle of Jura, Scotland. Geomorphology , 19.Google Scholar
Cave, J. A. S. & Ballantyne, C. K. 2016. Catastrophic rock-slope failures in NW Scotland: quantitative analysis and implications. Scottish Geographical Journal 132, 185209.Google Scholar
Charles, C., Keenleyside, K., Chapple, R., Kilburn, B., van der Leest, P. S., Allen, D., Richardson, M., Giusti, M., Franklin, L., Harbrow, M., Wilson, R., Moss, A., Metcalf, L. & Camargo, L. 2018. Home to Us All: How Connecting with Nature Helps Us Care for Ourselves and the Earth. Children & Nature Network. http://natureforall.global/why.Google Scholar
Chylińska, D. 2018. The role of the picturesque in geotourism and iconic geotourist landscapes. Geoheritage. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-018-0308-x.Google Scholar
Clark, C. D., Hughes, A. L. C., Greenwood, S. L., Jordan, C. & Sejrup, H. P. 2012. Pattern and timing of retreat of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 44, 112146.Google Scholar
Clark, C. D., Ely, J. C., Greenwood, S. L., Hughes, A. L. C., Meehan, R., Barr, I. D., Bateman, M. D., Bradwell, T., Doole, J., Evans, D. J. A., Jordan, C. J., Monteys, X., Pellicer, X. M. & Sheehy, M. 2018a. BRITICE Glacial Map, version 2: a map and GIS database of glacial landforms of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet. Boreas 47, 1127.Google Scholar
Clark, C. D., Ely, J. C., Spagnolo, M., Hahn, U., Hughes, A. L. C. & Stokes, C. R. 2018b. Spatial organization of drumlins. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 43, 499513.Google Scholar
Comber, D. P. M. 1993. Shoreline response to relative sea level change: Culbin Sands, north-east Scotland. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Glasgow.Google Scholar
Cooper, J. A. G., Anfuso, G. & Del Rio, L. 2009. Bad beach management: European perspectives. In Kelley, J., Pilkey, O. & Cooper, J. A. G. (eds) America's most vulnerable coastal communities. Geological Society of America Special Paper 460, 167197.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. G. 2007. Mass Movements in Great Britain. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 33. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.Google Scholar
Cornish, R. 1979. Glacial geomorphology of the west-central Southern Uplands of Scotland, with particular reference to ‘Rogen moraines'. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Crofts, R. 2014. Promoting geodiversity: Learning lessons from biodiversity. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 125, 263266.Google Scholar
Crofts, R. 2018. Putting geoheritage conservation on all agendas. Geoheritage 10, 231238.Google Scholar
Crofts, R., Harmon, D. & Figgis, P. 2008. For life's sake: how protected areas enrich our lives and secure the web of life. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas.Google Scholar
Crofts, R. & Gordon, J. E. 2015. Geoconservation in protected areas. In Worboys, G. L., Lockwood, M., Kothari, A., Feary, S. & Pulsford, I. (eds) Protected area governance and management, 531568. Canberra: ANU Press.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. G., Gómez, C., Ritchie, W., Batstone, C., Lawless, M., Rowan, J. S., Dawson, S., McIlveny, J., Bates, R. & Muir, D. 2012. Barrier island geomorphology, hydrodynamic modelling, and historical shoreline changes: an example from South Uist and Benbecula, Scottish Outer Hebrides. The Journal of Coastal Research 28, 14621476.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. G., Dawson, S., Cooper, J. A. G., Gemmell, A. M. D. & Bates, R. 2013. A Pliocene age and origin for the strandflat of the Western Isles of Scotland: a speculative hypothesis. Geological Magazine 150, 360366.Google Scholar
Dawson, S., Powell, V. A., Duck, R. W. & McGlashan, D. J. 2013. Discussion of Rennie, A. F. and Hansom, J. D. 2011. Sea level trend reversal: land uplift outpaced by sea level rise on Scotland's coast. Geomorphology 125(1), 193-201. Geomorphology 197, 185186.Google Scholar
Dearing, J. A., Yang, X., Dong, X., Zhang, E., Chen, X., Langdon, P. G., Zhang, K., Zhang, W. & Dawson, T. P. 2012. Extending the timescale and range of ecosystem services through palaeoenvironmental analyses, exemplified in the lower Yangtze basin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 109, E1111–20.Google Scholar
Dietl, G. P., Kidwell, S. M., Brenner, M., Burney, D. A., Flessa, K. W., Jackson, S. T. & Koch, P. L. 2015. Conservation paleobiology: leveraging knowledge of the past to inform conservation and restoration. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 43, 79103.Google Scholar
Dove, D., Arosio, R., Finlayson, A., Bradwell, T. & Howe, J. A. 2015. Submarine glacial landforms record Late Pleistocene ice-sheet dynamics, Inner Hebrides, Scotland. Quaternary Science Reviews 123, 7690.Google Scholar
Dudley, N. (ed.) 2008. Guidelines for applying protected area management categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Edwards, K. J. 2009. The development and historiography of pollen studies in the mesolithic of the Scottish islands. In McCartan, S., Schulting, R., Warren, G. & Woodman, P. (eds) Mesolithic horizons: papers presented at the seventh international conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Belfast 2005, 900906. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Edwards, K. J., Schofield, J. E., Whittington, G. & Melton, N. 2009. Palynology ‘on the edge' and the archaeological vindication of a Mesolithic presence? The case of Shetland. In Finlay, N., McCartan, S., Milner, N. & Wickham-Jones, C. J. (eds) From Bann flakes to Bushmills – papers in honour of Professor Peter Woodman, 113123. Oxford: Prehistoric Society and Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Edwards, K. J., Bennett, K. D. & Davies, A. L. 2018. Palaeoecological perspectives on Holocene environmental change in Scotland. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691018000208.Google Scholar
Ellis, N. 2008. A history of the Geological Conservation Review. In Burek, C. V. & Prosser, C. D. (eds) The history of geoconservation, Volume 300, 123135. London: Geological Society, Special Publications.Google Scholar
Ellis, N. 2011. The Geological Conservation Review (GCR) in Great Britain – rationale and methods. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 122, 353362.Google Scholar
Ellis, N., Bowen, D. Q., Campbell, S., Knill, J. L., McKirdy, A. P., Prosser, C. D., Vincent, M. A. & Wilson, R. C. L. 1996. An Introduction to the Geological Conservation Review. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 1. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.Google Scholar
Elliott, S. 2015. Coastal realignment at RSPB Nigg Bay Nature Reserve. RSPB Internal Report. September 2015, 29pp.Google Scholar
Evans, D. J. A. 2018. Till: a glacial process sedimentology. Chichester: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Evans, D. J. A. & Hansom, J. D. 1998. The Whangie and the landslides of the Campsie Fells. Scottish Geographical Magazine 114, 192196.Google Scholar
Faulkner, T. & Brazier, V. 2016. Tufa deposits at Inchrory and Glen Suie, Moray, Scotland. Cave and Karst Science 43, 1720.Google Scholar
Ferguson, R. I., Hoey, T. B., Wathen, S. J. & Werritty, A. 1996. Field evidence for rapid downstream fining of river gravels through selective transport. Geology 24, 179182.Google Scholar
Ferguson, R. I., Bloomer, D. J., Hoey, T. B. & Werritty, A. 2002. Mobility of river tracer pebbles over different timescales. Water Resources Research 38, 3.1–3.8.Google Scholar
Finlayson, A., Bradwell, T., Golledge, N. & Merritt, J. 2007. Morphology and significance of transverse ridges (De Geer moraines) adjacent to the Moray Firth, NE Scotland. Scottish Geographical Journal 123, 257270.Google Scholar
Finlayson, A. G. & Bradwell, T. 2008. Morphological characteristics, formation and glaciological significance of Rogen moraine in northern Scotland. Geomorphology 101, 607617.Google Scholar
Firth, C. R., Smith, D. E., Hansom, J. D. & Pearson, S. G. 1995. Holocene spit development on a regressive shoreline, Dornoch Firth, Scotland. Marine Geology 124, 203214.Google Scholar
Fitton, J. M., Hansom, J. D. & Rennie, A. F. 2016. A national coastal erosion susceptibility model for Scotland. Ocean & Coastal Management 132, 8089.Google Scholar
Fitton, J. M., Hansom, J. D. & Rennie, A. F. 2018. A method for modelling coastal erosion risk: the example of Scotland. Natural Hazards 91, 931961.Google Scholar
Forbes, J. D. 1846. Notes on the topography and geology of the Cuchullin Hills in Skye, and on the traces of ancient glaciers which they present. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 40, 7699.Google Scholar
Fossitt, J. A. 1996. Late Quaternary vegetation history of the Western Isles, Scotland. New Phytologist 132, 171196.Google Scholar
Gauld, J. H. & Bell, J. S. 1997. Soils and nature conservation in Scotland. Scottish Natural Heritage Review No. 62.Google Scholar
Gemmell, S., Hansom, J. D. & Hoey, T. B. 2001. River-coast sediment exchanges: the Spey Bay sediment budget and management implications. In Packham, J. R., Randall, R. E., Barnes, R. S. K. & Neal, A. (eds) Ecology and geomorphology of coastal shingle, 159167. Otley: Westbury Press.Google Scholar
Gillson, L. & Marchant, R. 2014. From myopia to clarity: sharpening the focus of ecosystem management through the lens of palaeoecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 29, 317325.Google Scholar
Gilvear, D. J. 2004. Pattern of channel adjustment to impoundment of the upper River Spey, Scotland. River Research & Applications 20, 151165.Google Scholar
Gilvear, D. J., Cecil, J. & Parsons, H. 2000. Channel change and vegetation diversity on a low-angle alluvial fan, River Feshie, Scotland. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Systems 10, 5371.Google Scholar
Gilvear, D. J., Casas-Mulet, R. & Spray, C. J. 2012. Trends and issues in delivery of integrated catchment scale river restoration: lessons learned from a national river restoration survey within Scotland. River Research and Applications 28, 234246.Google Scholar
Gilvear, D. J., Casas-Mulet, R. & Spray, C. J. 2013. River rehabilitation for the delivery of multiple ecosystem services at the river network scale. Journal of Environmental Management 126, 3043.Google Scholar
Gilvear, D. J. & Wilby, N. 2006. Channel dynamics and geomorphic variability as controls on gravel bar vegetation. River Research & Applications 22, 457474.Google Scholar
Golledge, N. R. 2010. Glaciation of Scotland during the Younger Dryas stadial: a review. Journal of Quaternary Science 25, 550566.Google Scholar
Golledge, N. R., Hubbard, A. & Bradwell, T. 2010. Influence of seasonality on glacier mass balance, and implications for palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Climate Dynamics 35, 757770.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. E. 1993. Agassiz Rock. In Gordon, J. E. & Sutherland, D. G. (eds) Quaternary of Scotland. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 6, 565568. London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. E. 1994. Conservation of geomorphology and Quaternary sites in Great Britain: an overview of site assessment. In Stevens, C., Gordon, J. E., Green, C. P. & Macklin, M. G. (eds) Conserving our landscape. Proceedings of the Conference Conserving Our Landscape: Evolving Landforms and Ice-Age Heritage, Crewe, UK, May 1992, 1121. Peterborough: English Nature.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. E. 2012. Rediscovering a sense of wonder: geoheritage, geotourism and cultural landscape experiences. Geoheritage 4, 6577.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. E. 2015. Recent developments in geoconservation and a position statement by the Quaternary Research Association. Quaternary Newsletter 137, 315.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. E. 2016. Geoheritage, geotourism and landscape appreciation. In Ballantyne, C. K. & Lowe, J. J. (eds) The Quaternary of Skye. Field guide, 184191. Cambridge: Quaternary Research Association.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. E. 2018. Geoheritage, geotourism and the cultural landscape: enhancing the visitor experience and promoting geoconservation. Geosciences 8, 136.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. E., Barron, H. F., Hansom, J. D. & Thomas, M. F. 2012. Engaging with geodiversity – why it matters. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 123, 16.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. E., Brooks, A. J., Chaniotis, P. D., James, B. D., Kenyon, N. H., Leslie, A. B., Long, D. & Rennie, A. F. 2016. Progress in marine geoconservation in Scotland's seas: assessment of key interests and their contribution to Marine Protected Area network planning. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 127, 716737.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. E., Crofts, R., Díaz-Martínez, E. & Woo, K. S. 2018a. Enhancing the role of geoconservation in protected area management and nature conservation. Geoheritage 10, 191203.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. E., Crofts, R. & Díaz-Martínez, E. 2018b. Geoheritage conservation and environmental policies: retrospect and prospect. In Reynard, E. & Brilha, J. (eds) Geoheritage. Assessment, protection and management, 213235. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. E. & Baker, M. 2016. Appreciating geology and the physical landscape in Scotland: from tourism of awe to experiential re-engagement. In Hose, T. A. (ed.) Appreciating physical landscapes: three hundred years of geotourism, Volume 417, 2540. London: Geological Society, Special Publications.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. E. & Barron, H. F. 2011. Scotland's geodiversity: development of the basis for a national framework. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 417.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. E. & Barron, H. F. 2012. Valuing geodiversity and geoconservation: developing a more strategic ecosystem approach. Scottish Geographical Journal 128, 278297.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. E. & Barron, H. F. 2013. Geodiversity and ecosystem services in Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 49, 4158.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. E. & Sutherland, D. G. (eds) 1993a. Quaternary of Scotland. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 6. London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. E. & Sutherland, D. G. 1993b. Introduction. In Gordon, J. E. & Sutherland, D. G. (eds) Quaternary of Scotland. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 6, 19. London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Gray, M. 2013. Geodiversity: valuing and conserving abiotic nature, 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gray, M., Gordon, J. E. & Brown, E. J. 2013. Geodiversity and the ecosystem approach: the contribution of geoscience in delivering integrated environmental management. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 124, 659673.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M. 1991. Pre-Quaternary landscape evolution in the Scottish Highlands. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 82, 126.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M. 2005. The Buchan Surface. Scottish Geographical Journal 121, 107118.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M. 2011. Storm wave currents, boulder movement and shore platform development: a case study from East Lothian, Scotland. Marine Geology 283, 98105.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M., Hansom, J. D., Williams, D. M. & Jarvis, J. 2006. Distribution, geomorphology and lithofacies of cliff-top storm deposits: examples from the high-energy coasts of Scotland and Ireland. Marine Geology 232, 131155.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M., Hansom, J. D. & Jarvis, J. 2008. Patterns and rates of erosion produced by high energy wave processes on hard rock headlands: the Grind of the Navir, Shetland, Scotland. Marine Geology 248, 2846.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M., Merritt, J. W., Connell, E. R. & Hubbard, A. 2018. Early and Middle Pleistocene environments, landforms and sediments in Scotland. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691018000713.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M. & Bishop, P. 2002. Scotland's denudational history: an integrated view of erosion and sedimentation at an uplifted passive margin. In Doré, A. G., Cartwright, J. A., Stoker, M. S., Turner, J. P. & White, N. (eds) Exhumation of the North Atlantic margin: timing, mechanisms and implications for petroleum exploration, Volume 196, 271290. London: Geological Society, Special Publications.Google Scholar
Hansom, J. D. 2001. Coastal sensitivity to environmental change: a view from the beach. Catena 42, 291305.Google Scholar
Hansom, J. D., Barltrop, N. D. P. & Hall, A. M. 2008. Modelling the processes of cliff-top erosion and deposition under extreme storm waves. Marine Geology 253, 3650.Google Scholar
Hansom, J. D., Switser, A. D. & Pile, J. 2015. Extreme waves: causes, characteristics and impact on coastal environments and society. In Ellis, J. & Sherman, D. J. (eds) Coastal and marine hazards, risks, and disasters, 307334. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Hansom, J. D., Fitton, J. M. & Rennie, A. F. 2017. Dynamic Coast—National Coastal Change Assessment: National Overview. CRW2014/2, 44pp.Google Scholar
Hansom, J. D. & Hall, A. M. 2009. Magnitude and frequency of extra-tropical North Atlantic cyclones: a chronology from cliff-top storm deposits. Quaternary International 195, 4252.Google Scholar
Hansom, J. D. & McGlashan, D. J. 2004. Scotland's coast: understanding past and present processes for sustainable management. Scottish Geographical Journal 120, 99116.Google Scholar
Harris, P. T. & Baker, E. K. (eds) 2012. Seafloor geomorphology as benthic habitat. GeoHAB atlas of seafloor geomorphic features and benthic habitats. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Hebdon, N. J., Atkinson, T. C., Lawson, T. J. & Young, I. R. 1997. Rate of glacial valley deepening during the Late Quaternary in Assynt, Scotland. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 22, 305315.Google Scholar
Henriques, M. H., Pena dos Reis, R., Brilha, J. & Mota, T. 2011. Geoconservation as an emerging geoscience. Geoheritage 3, 117128.Google Scholar
Hibbert, F., Austin, W. E. N., Leng, M. J. & Gatliffe, R. W. 2010. British ice Sheet dynamics inferred from North Atlantic ice-rafted debris records spanning the last 175 000 years. Journal of Quaternary Science 25, 461482.Google Scholar
Hjort, J., Gordon, J. E., Gray, M. & Hunter, M. L. 2015. Why geodiversity matters in valuing nature's stage. Conservation Biology 29, 630639.Google Scholar
Howe, J. A., Shimmield, T., Austin, W. E. N. & Longva, O. 2002. Post-glacial depositional environments in a mid-high latitude glacially-overdeepened sea loch, inner Loch Etive, western Scotland. Marine Geology 185, 417433.Google Scholar
Howe, J. A., Anderton, R., Arosio, R., Dove, D., Bradwell, T., Crump, P., Cooper, R. & Cocuccio, A. 2015a. The seabed geomorphology and geological structure of the Firth of Lorn, western Scotland, UK, as revealed by multibeam echo-sounder survey. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 105, 273284.Google Scholar
Howe, J. A., Stevenson, A. & Gatliff, R. 2015b. Seabed mapping for the 21st century – the Marine Environmental Mapping Programme (MAREMAP): preface. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 105, 239240.Google Scholar
Hubbard, A., Bradwell, T., Golledge, N., Hall, A., Patton, H., Sugden, D., Cooper, R. & Stoker, M. 2009. Dynamic cycles, ice streams and their impact on the extent, chronology and deglaciation of the British-Irish ice sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 758776.Google Scholar
IUCN 2008. Resolutions and Recommendations adopted at the 4th IUCN World Conservation Congress. Resolution 4.040: Conservation of geodiversity and geological heritage. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
IUCN 2012. Resolutions and Recommendations, World Conservation Congress, Jeju, Republic of Korea, 6–15 September 2012, WCC-2012-Res-048 Valuing and conserving geoheritage within the IUCN Programme 2013–2016. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Jamieson, T. F. 1865. On the history of the last geological changes in Scotland. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 21, 161203.Google Scholar
Jansen, J. D., Fabel, D., Bishop, P., Xu, S., Schnabel, C. & Codilean, A. T. 2011. Does decreasing paraglacial sediment supply slow knickpoint retreat? Geology 39, 543546.Google Scholar
Jarman, D. 2007. Introduction to the mass movements in the older mountain areas of Great Britain. In Cooper, R. G. (ed.) Mass movements in Great Britain. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 33, 3356. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.Google Scholar
Jeffers, E. S., Nogué, S. & Willis, K. J. 2015. The role of palaeoecological records in assessing ecosystem services. Quaternary Science Reviews 112, 1732.Google Scholar
JNCC & Defra (on behalf of the Four Countries' Biodiversity Group) 2012. UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework. Peterborough: JNCC; London: Defra. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-6189.Google Scholar
Jonas, H. D., MacKinnon, K., Dudley, N., Hockings, M., Jessen, S., Laffoley, D., MacKinnon, D., Matallana-Tobón, C. L., Sandwith, T., Waithaka, J. & Woodley, S. 2018. Editorial essay: other effective area-based conservation measures: from Aichi Target 11 to the Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework. Parks 24, 916.Google Scholar
Jones, L., Garbutt, A., Hansom, J. D. & Angus, S. 2014a. Coastal Margins Habitats 2012–2013. MCCIP Report Card. Marine Conservation Society.Google Scholar
Jones, L., Garbutt, A., Hansom, J. D. & Angus, S. 2014b. Impacts of climate change on coastal habitats. MCCIP Science Review 2013, 167179.Google Scholar
Jordan, J. T., Smith, D. E., Dawson, S. & Dawson, A. G. 2010. Holocene relative sea level changes in Harris, Outer Hebrides, Scotland, UK. Journal of Quaternary Science 25, 115134.Google Scholar
Kiernan, K. 1996. Conserving geodiversity and geoheritage: the conservation of glacial landforms. Hobart: Forest Practices Unit.Google Scholar
Kirkbride, V. & Gordon, J. E. 2010. The geomorphological heritage of the Cairngorm Mountains. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 348.Google Scholar
Krabbendam, M., Eyles, N., Putkinen, N., Bradwell, T. & Arbelaez-Moreno, L. 2016. Streamlined hard beds formed by palaeo-ice streams: a review. Sedimentary Geology 338, 2450.Google Scholar
Kuchar, J., Milne, G., Hubbard, A., Patton, H., Bradley, S. L., Shennan, I. & Edwards, R. 2012. Evaluation of a numerical model of the British-Irish ice sheet using relative sea-level data: implications for the interpretation of trimline observations. Journal of Quaternary Science 27, 597605.Google Scholar
Larwood, J. G. 2016. Geoconservation: an introduction to European principles and practices. In Hose, T. A. (ed.) Geoheritage and geotourism. A European perspective, 129153. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.Google Scholar
Larwood, J. G., Badman, T. & McKeever, P. J. 2013. The progress and future of geoconservation at a global level. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 124, 720730.Google Scholar
Larwood, J. G., France, S. & Mahon, C. (eds) 2017. Culturally natural or naturally cultural? Exploring the relationship between nature and culture through world heritage. Mold: IUCN National Committee UK.Google Scholar
Lawson, T. J. 2002. The geomorphological evolution of Smoo Cave and the immediate surrounding area. Scottish Natural Heritage Research, Survey and Monitoring Report No. 184.Google Scholar
Lawson, T. J. 2010. The Allt nan Uamh valley and its caves: their significance for the chronology of glaciation and deglaciation of northern Scotland. In Lukas, S. & Bradwell, T. (eds) The Quaternary of western Sutherland and adjacent areas: field guide, 165168. London: Quaternary Research Association.Google Scholar
Lawson, T. J., Young, I. R., Kitchener, A. C. & Birch, S. 2014. Middle and Late Devensian radiocarbon dates from the Uamh an Claonaite cave system in Assynt, Scotland. Quaternary Newsletter 133, 410.Google Scholar
Lawson, T. J. & Young, I. R. 2011. A Baseline Survey of the Caves of the Creag nan Uamh Bone Caves and Bear Cave, Assynt. Unpublished report to Scottish Natural Heritage.Google Scholar
Lenton, T. M., Held, H., Kriegler, E., Hall, J. W., Lucht, W., Rahmstorf, S. & Schellnhuber, H. J. 2008. Tipping elements in the Earth's climate system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 105, 17861793.Google Scholar
Lowe, J. J., Pyne-O'Donnell, S. & Timms, R. 2016. Tephra layers on Skye dating to the Lateglacial-Early Holocene interval and their wider context. In Ballantyne, C. K. & Lowe, J. J. (eds) The Quaternary of Skye: field guide, 140156. London: Quaternary Research Association.Google Scholar
Lukas, S. & Bradwell, T. 2010. Reconstruction of a Lateglacial (Younger Dryas) mountain ice field in Sutherland, northwestern Scotland, and its palaeoclimatic implications. Journal of Quaternary Science 25, 567580.Google Scholar
Macdonald, N., Werritty, A., Black, A. R. & McEwen, L. J. 2006. Historical and pooled flood frequency analysis for the River Tay, Perth. Area 38, 3446.Google Scholar
Mace, G. M. 2014. Whose conservation? Science 345, 15581560.Google Scholar
Maclaren, C. 1842. The glacial theory of Prof. Agassiz. American Journal of Science and Arts 42, 346365.Google Scholar
Maclaren, C. 1846. On the existence of glaciers and icebergs in Scotland at an ancient epoch. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 40, 125142.Google Scholar
May, V. J. & Hansom, J. D. 2003. Coastal Geomorphology of Great Britain. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 28. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.Google Scholar
Maynard, C., McManus, J., Crawford, R. M. M. & Paterson, D. 2011. A comparison of short-term sediment deposition between natural and transplanted saltmarsh after saltmarsh restoration in the Eden Estuary (Scotland). Plant Ecology& Diversity 4, 103113.Google Scholar
McCarroll, J., Chambers, F. M., Webb, J. C. & Thom, T. 2017. Application of palaeoecology for peatland conservation at Mossdale Moor, UK. Quaternary International 432, 3947.Google Scholar
McEwen, L. J. 1989. River channel changes in response to flooding in the upper River Dee catchment, Aberdeenshire, over the last 200 years. In Beven, K. & Carling, P. (eds) Floods: hydrological, sedimentological and geomorphological implications, 219238. London: Wiley.Google Scholar
McEwen, L. J. 1990. The establishment of a historical flood chronology for the River Tweed catchment, Berwickshire, Scotland. Scottish Geographical Magazine 106, 3748.Google Scholar
McEwen, L. J. 1994. Channel planform adjustment and stream power variation on the middle R. Coe, West Grampian Highlands, Scotland. Catena 21, 357374.Google Scholar
McEwen, L. J. & Lewis, S. G. 2001. A sediment budget approach to inform sustainable management for lampreys: the Endrick Water catchment. In Gordon, J. E. & Leys, K. F. (eds) Earth science and the natural heritage: interactions and integrated management, 185189. Edinburgh: The Stationary Office.Google Scholar
McEwen, L. J. & Werritty, A. 1988. The hydrology and long-term geomorphic significance of a flash flood in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland. Catena 15, 361377.Google Scholar
McEwen, L. J. & Werritty, A. 2007. ‘The Muckle Spate of 1829': the physical and societal impacts of a catastrophic flood on the River Findhorn, Scottish Highlands. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS 32, 6689.Google Scholar
Merritt, J. W., Hall, A. M., Gordon, J. E. & Connell, E. R. 2019. Late Pleistocene sediments, landforms and events in Scotland: a review of the stratigraphic terrestrial record. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691018000890.Google Scholar
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Milne, G. A., Shennan, I., Youngs, B. A. R., Waugh, A. I., Teferle, F. N., Bingley, R. M., Bassett, S. E., Cuthbert-Brown, C. & Bradley, S. L. 2006. Modelling the glacial isostatic adjustment of the UK region. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 364, 931948.Google Scholar
Mokeddem, Z., Baltzer, A., Goubert, E. & Clet-Pellerin, M. 2010. A multiproxy palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of Loch Sunart (NW Scotland) since the Last Glacial Maximum. In Howe, J. A., Austin, W. E. N., Forwick, M. & Paetzel, M. (eds) Fjord systems and archives, Volume 344, 341353. London: Geological Society, Special Publications.Google Scholar
Newsome, D. & Dowling, R. 2018. Geoheritage and geotourism. In Reynard, E. & Brilha, J. (eds) Geoheritage. Assessment, protection, and management, 305321. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Nørgaard-Pedersen, N., Austin, W. E. N., Howe, J. A. & Shimmield, T. 2006. The Holocene record of Loch Etive, western Scotland: influence of catchment and relative sea level changes. Marine Geology 228, 5571.Google Scholar
Ó Cofaigh, C. 2012. Ice sheets viewed from the ocean: the contribution of marine science to understanding modern and past ice sheets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 370, 55125539.Google Scholar
Ó Cofaigh, C. & Stokes, C. R. 2008. Reconstructing ice-sheet dynamics from subglacial sediments and landforms: introduction and overview. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 33, 495502.Google Scholar
Orme, L. C., Reinhardt, L., Jones, R. T., Charman, D. J., Barkwith, A. & Ellis, M. A. 2016. Aeolian sediment reconstructions from the Scottish Outer Hebrides: late Holocene storminess and the role of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Quaternary Science Reviews 132, 1525.Google Scholar
Palmer, A. P., Cornish, R. & Lowe, J. J. 2018. Response to comments by J. D. Peacock on Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 128 (1), 1-162. In: The Lateglacial and early Holocene history of Glen Roy, Lochaber, western Scottish Highlands. Boston, C. M. and Lukas, S., (42-53); Cornish, R., (83-119); Lowe, J. J., Palmer, A. P., Carter-Champion, A., McLeod, A., Ramirez-Rojas, I., Timms, R.G.O., (110-124); Sissons, J. B. (a 32-41, b 146-150). Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 129, 684686.Google Scholar
Palmer, A. P. & Lowe, J. J. 2017. Dynamic landscape changes in Glen Roy and vicinity, west Highland Scotland, during the Younger Dryas and early Holocene: a synthesis. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 128, 225.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D. 2018. Comments on: proceedings of the Geologists' association 128(1), 1-162. In: the Lateglacial and early Holocene history of Glen Roy, Lochaber, western Scottish Highlands. Boston, C.M. and Lukas, S., (42-53); Cornish, R., (83-119); Lowe, J.J., Palmer, A.P., Carter-Champion, A., McLeod, A., Ramirez-Rojas, I., Timms, R.G.O., (110-124); Sissons, J.B. (a 32–41, b 146-150). Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 129, 235240.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D. & Rose, J. 2017. Was the Younger Dryas (Loch Lomond Stadial) icefield on Rannoch Moor, western Scotland, deglaciated as early as c.12.5 cal ka BP? Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 128, 173179.Google Scholar
Peña, L., Monge-Ganuzas, M., Onaindia, M., Fernández de Manuel, B. & Mendia, M. 2017. A holistic approach including biological and geological criteria for integrative management in protected areas. Environmental Management 59, 325337.Google Scholar
Pepper, S., Benton, T., Park, K., Selman, P., Thomson, J. & Trench, H. 2014. Protected areas for nature – review. Report to Scottish Natural Heritage, http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A1509577.pdf.Google Scholar
Phillips, A. 2005. Landscape as a meeting ground: Category V Protected Landscapes/Seascapes and World Heritage Cultural Landscapes. In Brown, J., Mitchell, N. & Beresford, M. (eds) The protected landscape approach. Linking nature, culture and community, 1935. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Phillips, E., Hodgson, D. M. & Emery, A. R. 2017. The Quaternary geology of the North Sea basin. Journal of Quaternary Science 32, 117126.Google Scholar
Phillips, W. M., Hall, A. M., Mottram, R., Fifield, K. & Sugden, D. E. 2006. Cosmogenic exposure ages of tors and erratics on the Cairngorm plateau, Scotland: timescales for the development of a classic landscape of selective linear glacial erosion. Geomorphology 73, 222245.Google Scholar
Prosser, C. D. 2013a. Our rich and varied geoconservation portfolio: the foundation for the future. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 124, 568580.Google Scholar
Prosser, C. D. 2013b. Planning for geoconservation in the 1940s: an exploration of the aspirations that shaped the first national geoconservation legislation. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 124, 337342.Google Scholar
Prosser, C. D., Burek, C. V., Evans, D. H., Gordon, J. E., Kirkbride, V. B., Rennie, A. F. & Walmsley, C. A. 2010. Conserving geoheritage sites in a changing climate: management challenges and responses. Geoheritage 2, 123136.Google Scholar
Prosser, C. D., Bridgland, D. R., Brown, E. J. & Larwood, J. G. 2011. Geoconservation for science and society: challenges and opportunities. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 122, 337342.Google Scholar
Prosser, C. D., Brown, E. J., Larwood, J. G. & Bridgland, D. R. 2013. Geoconservation for science and society – an agenda for the future. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 124, 561567.Google Scholar
Prosser, C. D., Díaz-Martínez, E. & Larwood, J. G. 2018. The conservation of geosites: principles and practice. In Reynard, E. & Brilha, J. (eds) Geoheritage. Assessment, protection, and management, 193212. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Pyne-O'Donnell, S. D. F. 2007. Three new distal tephras in sediments spanning the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition in Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 22, 559570.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, D. A. (ed.) 1977. A nature conservation review, Volume 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rea, B. R., Newton, A. M. W., Lamb, R. M., Harding, R., Bigg, G. R., Rose, P., Spagnolo, M., Huuse, M., Cater, J. M. L., Archer, S., Buckley, F., Halliyeva, M., Huuse, J., Cornwell, D. G., Brocklehurst, S. H. & Howell, J. A. 2018. Extensive marine-terminating ice-sheets in Europe from 2.5 million years ago. Science Advances 4, eaar8327.Google Scholar
Rennie, A. F. & Hansom, J. D. 2011. Sea level trend reversal: land uplift outpaced by sea level rise on Scotland's coast. Geomorphology 125, 193210.Google Scholar
Rennie, A. F. & Hansom, J. D. 2013. Reply to: discussion of Rennie, A.F. and Hansom, J.D. (2011). ‘Sea level trend reversal: land uplift outpaced by sea level rise on Scotland's coast'. Geomorphology, 125 (1), 193210. By , V.A. Powell, R.W. Duck and D.J. McGlashan, and by I. Shennan. Geomorphology 197, 188189.Google Scholar
Reynard, E. 2009. Geomorphosites: definitions and characteristics. In Reynard, E., Coratza, P. & Regolini-Bissig, G. (eds) Geomorphosites, 920. Munich: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.Google Scholar
Reynard, E., Perret, A., Bussard, J., Grangier, L. & Martin, S. 2016. Integrated approach for the inventory and management of geomorphological heritage at the regional scale. Geoheritage 8, 4360.Google Scholar
Scottish Environment Protection Agency 2015. Natural flood management handbook. Stirling: SEPA.Google Scholar
Scottish Geodiversity Forum 2017a. The 51 best places to explore Scotland's geology. Edinburgh: Scottish Geodiversity Forum. http://www.scottishgeology.com/best-places/.Google Scholar
Scottish Geodiversity Forum 2017b. Scotland's Geodiversity Charter 2018–2023. Edinburgh: Scottish Geodiversity Forum.Google Scholar
Scottish Natural Heritage 2015. Scotland's National Peatland Plan: working for our future. Battleby: Scottish Natural Heritage.Google Scholar
Scourse, J. D., Haapaniemi, A. I., Colmenero-Hidalgo, E., Peck, V. L., Hall, I. R., Austin, W. E. N., Knutz, P. C. & Zahn, R. 2009. Growth, dynamics and deglaciation of the last British-Irish ice sheet: the deep-sea ice-rafted detritus record. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 30663084.Google Scholar
Sejrup, H. P., Nygård, A., Hall, A. M. & Haflidason, H. 2009. Middle and Late Weichselian (Devensian) glaciation history of south-western Norway, North Sea and eastern UK. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 370380.Google Scholar
Sheail, J. 1998. Nature conservation in Britain. The formative years. London: The Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Shennan, I. 2013. Relative land/sea level change is not the same as vertical land motion: comment on Rennie, A.F. and Hansom, J.D. (2011) “Sea level trend reversal: land uplift outpaced by sea level rise on Scotland's coast” Geomorphology 125: 193-202. Geomorphology 197, 187.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Lambeck, K., Horton, B. P., Innes, J. B., Lloyd, J. M., McArthur, J. J., Purcell, A. & Rutherford, M. M. 2000. Late Devensian and Holocene records of relative sea-level changes in northwest Scotland and their implications for glacio-hydro-isostatic modelling. Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 11031136.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Hamilton, S. L., Hillier, C. & Woodroffe, S. A. 2005. 16 000 year record of near-field relative sea-level changes, northwest Scotland, United Kingdom. Quaternary International , 95106.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Hamilton, S., Hillier, C., Hunter, A., Woodall, R., Bradley, S., Milne, G., Brooks, A. & Bassett, S. 2006a. Relative sea-level observations in western Scotland since the Last Glacial Maximum for testing models of glacial isostatic land movements and ice-sheet reconstructions. Journal of Quaternary Science 21, 601613.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Bradley, S., Milne, G., Brooks, A., Bassett, S. & Hamilton, S. 2006b. Relative sea-level changes, glacial isostatic modelling and ice-sheet reconstructions from the British Isles since the Last Glacial Maximum. Journal of Quaternary Science 21, 585599.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Bradley, S. L. & Edwards, R. 2018. Relative sea-level changes and crustal movements in Britain and Ireland since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews 188, 143159.Google Scholar
Silva, B. & Phillips, E. R. (eds) 2015. UK top Quaternary sites: a compilation to celebrate the QRA's semi-centennial year. London: Quaternary Research Association.Google Scholar
Slaymaker, O., Spencer, T. & Dadson, S. 2009. Landscape and landscape-scale processes as the unfilled niche in the global environmental change debate: an introduction. In Slaymaker, O., Spencer, T. & Embleton-Hamann, C. (eds) Geomorphology and global environmental change, 136. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Small, D., Rinterknecht, V., Austin, W. E. N., Bates, R., Benn, D. I., Scourse, J. D., Bourlès, D. L., Team, A.S.T.E.R. & Hibbert, F. D. 2016. Implications of 36Cl exposure ages from Skye: northwest Scotland for the timing of ice stream deglaciation and deglacial ice dynamics. Quaternary Science Reviews 150, 130145.Google Scholar
Small, D. & Fabel, D. 2016. Was Scotland deglaciated during the Younger Dryas? Quaternary Science Reviews 145, 259263.Google Scholar
Smeaton, C., Austin, W. E. N., Davies, A., Baltzer, A., Howe, J. A. & Baxter, J. M. 2017. Scotland's forgotten carbon: a national assessment of mid-latitude fjord sedimentary stocks. Biogeosciences (Online) 14, 56635674.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Hunt, N., Firth, C. R., Jordan, J. T., Fretwell, P. T., Harman, M., Murdy, J., Orford, J. D. & Burnside, N. G. 2012. Patterns of Holocene relative sea level change in the North of Britain and Ireland. Quaternary Science Reviews 54, 5876.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Barlow, N. L. M., Bradley, S., Firth, C. R., Hall, A. M., Jordan, J. T. & Long, D. 2018. Quaternary sea level change in Scotland. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691017000469.Google Scholar
Sommerville, A., Sanderson, D. C. W., Hansom, J. D. & Housley, R. 2001. Luminescence dating of aeolian sands from archaeological sites in Northern Britain: a preliminary study. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 913919.Google Scholar
Sommerville, A., Hansom, J. D., Sanderson, D. & Housley, R. 2003. Optically stimulated luminescence dating of large storm events in Northern Scotland. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 10851092.Google Scholar
Sommerville, A., Hansom, J. D., Sanderson, D. C. W. & Housley, R. 2007. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of coastal aeolian sand accumulation in Sanday, Orkney Islands, Scotland. The Holocene 17, 627637.Google Scholar
Stockamp, J., Bishop, P., Li, Z., Petrie, E. J., Hansom, J. D. & Rennie, A. F. 2016. State-of-the-art in studies of glacial isostatic adjustment for the British Isles: a literature review. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 106, 126.Google Scholar
Stoker, M. S., Bradwell, T., Howe, J. A., Wilkinson, I. P. & McIntyre, K. 2009. Lateglacial ice-cap dynamics in NW Scotland: evidence from the fjords of the Summer Isles region. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 31613184.Google Scholar
Stoker, M. S. & Bradwell, T. 2005. The Minch palaeo-ice stream, NW sector of the British-Irish ice sheet. Journal of the Geological Society of London 163, 425428.Google Scholar
Stokes, C. R. 2018. Geomorphology under ice streams: moving from form to process. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 43, 85123.Google Scholar
Thierens, M., Pirlet, H., Colin, C., Latruwe, K., Vanhaecke, F., Lee, J. R., Stuut, J. B., Titschack, J., Huvenne, V. A. I., Dorschel, B., Wheeler, A. J. & Henriet, J. P. 2012. Ice-rafting from the British-Irish ice sheet since the earliest Pleistocene (2.6 million years ago): implications for long-term mid-latitudinal ice-sheet growth in the North Atlantic region. Quaternary Science Reviews 44, 229240.Google Scholar
Thomas, B. A. & Warren, L. M. 2008. Geological conservation in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In Burek, C. V. & Prosser, C. D. (eds) The history of geoconservation, Volume 300, 1730. London: Geological Society, Special Publications.Google Scholar
Thomas, M. F. 2009. Landslides of Kippenrait Glen. The Forth Naturalist and Historian 32, 6578.Google Scholar
Timms, R. G. O., Matthews, I. P., Palmer, A. P., Candy, I. & Abel, L. 2017. A high-resolution tephrostratigraphy from Quoyloo Meadow, Orkney, Scotland: implications for the tephrostratigraphy of NW Europe during the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition. Quaternary Geochronology 40, 6781.Google Scholar
Timms, R. G. O., Matthews, I. P., Palmer, A. P. & Candy, I. 2018. Toward a tephrostratigraphic framework for the British Isles: A Last Glacial to Interglacial Transition (LGIT c. 16-8 ka) case study from Crudale Meadow, Orkney. Quaternary Geochronology 46, 2844.Google Scholar
Timms, R. G. O., Matthews, I. P., Lowe, J. J., Palmer, A. P., Weston, D. J., McLeod, A. & Blockley, S. P. E. 2019. Establishing tephrostratigraphic frameworks to aid the study of abrupt climatic and glacial transitions: a case study of the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition in the British Isles (c. 16–8 ka BP). Earth-Science Reviews. 192, 3464.Google Scholar
Towers, W., Malcolm, A. & Bruneau, P. M. C. 2005. Assessing the nature conservation value of soil and its relation with designated features. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 111.Google Scholar
Turney, C. S. M., Harkness, D. D. & Lowe, J. J. 1997. The use of micro-tephra horizons to correlate Lateglacial lake sediment successions in Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 12, 525531.Google Scholar
UK National Ecosystem Assessment 2011. The UK national ecosystem assessment: synthesis of key findings. Cambridge: UNEP-WCMC.Google Scholar
UNESCO 2016. UNESCO global geoparks. Celebrating earth heritage, sustaining local communities. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Vegas-Vilarrúbia, T., Rull, V., Montoya, E. & Safont, E. 2011. Quaternary palaeoecology and nature conservation: a general review with examples from the neotropics. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 23612388.Google Scholar
Vucetich, J. A., Bruskotter, J. T. & Nelson, M. P. 2015. Evaluating whether nature's intrinsic value is an axiom of or anathema to conservation. Conservation Biology 29, 321332.Google Scholar
Walker, M. J. C. & Lowe, J. J. 1997. Vegetation and climate in Scotland, 13,000 to 7000 radiocarbon years ago. In Gordon, J. E. (ed.) Reflections on the Ice Age in Scotland: an update on Quaternary studies, 105115. Glasgow: Scottish Association of Geography Teachers and Scottish Natural Heritage.Google Scholar
Walker, M. J. C. & Lowe, J. 2017. Lateglacial environmental change in Scotland. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691017000184.Google Scholar
Waltham, A. C., Simms, M. J., Farrant, A. R. & Goldie, H. S. 1997. Karst and caves of Great Britain. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 12. London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Werritty, A., Paine, J. L., Macdonald, N., Rowan, J. S. & McEwen, L. J. 2006. The use of multi-proxy flood records to improve estimates of flood risk, lower River Tay, Scotland. Catena 66, 107119.Google Scholar
Werritty, A., Spray, C., Ball, T., Bonell, M., Rouillard, J., MacDonald, A., Comins, L. & Richardson, R. 2010. Integrated catchment management: from rhetoric to reality in a Scottish HELP basin. In Proceedings of British Hydrological Society, Third International Conference. Role of Hydrology in Managing Consequences of a Changing Global Environment. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, July 2010, 115.Google Scholar
Werritty, A. & Hoey, T. B. 2004. Geomorphological changes and trends in Scotland: river channels and processes. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. FOOAC107B.Google Scholar
Werritty, A. & Leys, K. F. 2001. The sensitivity of Scottish rivers and upland valley floors to recent environmental change. Catena 42, 251273.Google Scholar
Werritty, A. & McEwen, L. J. 1997. Fluvial geomorphology of Scotland. In Gregory, K. J. (ed.) Fluvial geomorphology of Great Britain. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 13, 19114. London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Wheaton, J., Brasington, J., Darby, S. E., Kasprak, A., Sear, D. & Vericat, D. 2013. Morphodynamic signatures of braiding mechanisms as expressed through change and sediment storage in a gravel-bed river. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 18, 759779.Google Scholar
Whitbread, K., Jansen, J., Bishop, P. & Attal, M. 2015a. Substrate, sediment, and slope controls on bedrock channel geometry in postglacial streams. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 120, 779798.Google Scholar
Whitbread, K., Ellen, R., Callaghan, E., Gordon, J. E. & Arkley, S. 2015b. East Lothian Geodiversity Audit. Nottingham, UK, British Geological Survey. (OR/14/063) (Unpublished). http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509518/.Google Scholar
Whiteley, M. J. & Browne, M. A. 2013. Local geoconservation groups – past achievements and future challenges. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 124, 674680.Google Scholar
Whittington, G., Buckland, P., Edwards, K. J., Greenwood, M., Hall, A. M. & Robinson, M. 2003. Multiproxy Devensian Late-glacial and Holocene environmental records at an Atlantic coastal site in Shetland. Journal of Quaternary Science 18, 151168.Google Scholar
Whittington, G., Edwards, K. J., Zanchetta, G., Keen, D. H., Bunting, M. J., Fallick, A. E. & Bryant, C. L. 2015. Lateglacial and early Holocene climates of the Atlantic margins of Europe: stable isotope, mollusc and pollen records from Orkney, Scotland. Quaternary Science Reviews 122, 112130.Google Scholar
Wignall, R. M. L., Gordon, J. E., Brazier, V., MacFadyen, C. C. J. & Everett, N. S. 2018. A climate change risk-based assessment and management options for nationally and internationally important geoheritage sites in Scotland. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 129, 120134.Google Scholar
Wimbledon, W. A. P. & Smith-Meyer, S. (eds) 2012. Geoheritage in Europe and its conservation. Oslo: ProGEO.Google Scholar
Winter, M. G., Dent, J., Macgregor, F., Dempsey, P., Motion, A. & Shackman, L. 2010. Debris flow, rainfall and climate change in Scotland. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 43, 429446.Google Scholar
Winterbottom, S. J. 2000. Medium and short-term channel planform changes on the Rivers Tay and Tummel, Scotland. Geomorphology 34, 195208.Google Scholar
Worrall, F., Chapman, P., Holden, J., Evans, C., Artz, R., Smith, P. & Grayson, R. 2011. A review of current evidence on carbon fluxes and greenhouse gas emissions from UK peatlands. JNCC Report No. 442.Google Scholar
Wright, W. B. 1911. On a pre-glacial shoreline in the Western Isles of Scotland. Geological Magazine 48, 97109.Google Scholar
Wright, W. B. 1914. The Quaternary Ice Age. Macmillan: London.Google Scholar
Wright, W. B. 1925. Three short papers on isostasy. Geological Magazine 62, 227234.Google Scholar
Young, I. R., Lawson, T. J. & Dowswell, P. N. F. 2005. A baseline survey of the significant cave features in the Ben More Assynt SSSI. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 086.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Gordon et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S5

Download Gordon et al. supplementary material(File)
File 106.3 KB