Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T12:53:58.901Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Articulated thelodonts (Agnatha) of Scotland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2011

T. Märss
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology, Estonia Avenue 7, Tallinn EE0001, Estonia.
A. Ritchie
Affiliation:
The Australian Museum, 6-8 College Street, Sydney South, N.S.W.2000, Australia.

Abstract

Articulated thelodonts, Loganellia scotica (Traquair), Shielia gen.n. taiti (Stetson), Lanarkia horrida Traquair, L. spinulosa Traquair and Turinia pagei (Powrie) from the Silurian and Devonian of Scotland are re-described. A new species, Lanarkia lanceolata sp.n. from the Wenlock, Lower Silurian, is established. For each species, diagnosis is specified, varieties of scale morphology are given, the branchial area is described and body morphology is detailed. A paired ventral fin in Shielia gen.n. taiti and Lanarkia lanceolata sp.n. has been discovered. A new reconstruction of Loganellia and Shielia, and diagnosis for thelodonts from Scotland are given. The locality list of Scottish agnathans is reviewed and the biostratigraphical distribution discussed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agassiz, L. In Murchison, R. I. 1838. On the fishes in the Ludlow rocks, or upper Beds of the Silurian System. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Liverpool, 1837, 7th Trans., p. 91.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J. & Turner, S. 1975. Britain's oldest agnathans. Geological Magazine, 112, 419–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, J. R. L., Halstead (Tarlo), L. B. & Turner, S. 1968. Dittonian ostracoderm fauna from the Brownstones of Wilderness Quarry, Mitcheldean, Gloucestershire. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 1649, 141–53.Google Scholar
Blieck, A., Goujet, D., Janvier, P. & Meilliez, F. 1995. Revised Upper Silurian–Lower Devonian ichthyostratigraphy of northern France and southern Belgium (Artois-Ardenne). Bulletin du Museum Nationale D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 17, 447–59.Google Scholar
Fredholm, D. 1988. Vertebrates in the Ludlovian Hemse Beds of Gotland, Sweden. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 110, 157–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fredholm, D. 1990. Agnathan vertebrates in the Lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Föhandlingar, 112, 6184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, W. 1967. Über Thelodontier-Schuppen. Palaeontographica, 127A, 167.Google Scholar
Janvier, Ph. 1981. The phylogeny of the Craniata, with particular reference to the significance of fossil ‘agnathans’. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 1, 121–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarvik, E. 1959. Dermal fin-rays and Holmgren's principle of delamination. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 6, 149.Google Scholar
Karatajute-Talimaa, V. 1978. Telodonty silura i devona SSSR i Spitsbergena. Vilnius: Mokslas.Google Scholar
Karatajute-Talimaa, V. 1997. Taxonomy of loganiid thelodonts. Modern Geology, 21, pp. 115.Google Scholar
Karatajute-Talimaa, V. & Brazauskas, A. 1995. Distribution of vertebrates in the Silurian of Lithuania. Geologija, 17, 106–14.Google Scholar
Lankester, E. R. 1870. A Monograph of the Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone of Britain. Pt. 1. Cephalaspidae. Palaeontographical Society, London, 162.Google Scholar
Lehman, J.-P. 1937. Les poissons du Downtonien de la Scanie (Suède). Mémoir es de la Faculté des Sciences de l'Université de Paris, Rennes, 198.Google Scholar
Märss, T. 1982. Vertebrate zones in the East Baltic Silurian. In Kaljo, D. & Klaamann, E. (eds) Ecostratigraphy of the East Baltic Silurian, 97105. Tallinn: Valgus.Google Scholar
Märss, T. 1986a. Squamation of the thelodont agnathan Phlebolepis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 6, 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Märss, T. 1986b. Silurian vertebrates of Estonia and West Latvia. Tallinn: Valgus.Google Scholar
Märss, T. 1989. Vertebrates. In Holland, C. H. & Bassett, M. G. (eds) A global standard for the Silurian System. 284–9. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series 9, Cardiff.Google Scholar
Märss, T. 1990. Vertebrates. In Kaljo, D. & Nestor, H. (eds) Field Meeting. Estonia 1990. An Excursion Guidebook, 93–6. Tallinn: Estonian Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Märss, T. 1996. Loganellia (Thelodonti, Agnatha) from the Jaagarahu Stage, Wenlock, Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Science, Geology, 45, 189202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Märss, T., Männik, P., Martma, T., Wilson, M., Caldwell, M., Gagnier, P.-Y., Goujet, D. & Thorsteinsson, R. 1997. Distribution of Silurian vertebrate microremains in the Baillie Hamilton and Cornwallis Island sections, Arctic Canada. In Wilson, M. (ed.) Circum-Arctic Palaeozoic Vertebrates: Biological and Geological Significance. Buckow, Germany, July 4-6, 1997. Ichthyolith Issues. Special Publications, 2, 20–2.Google Scholar
Märss, T. & Ritchie, A. 1994. On the Loganellia taiti Zone. In IUGS Subcommission on the Silurian Stratigraphy. Field Meeting. Eastern and southern Alps, Austria. 1994. Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 30, 144–5.Google Scholar
Matukhin, R. G., Abushik, A. F., Valiukevicius, J. J., Karatajute-Talimaa, V. N., Kurik, E. J., Kurss, V. M., Markovskyi, V. A., Menner, V. V., Modzalevskaya, T. L., Samoilovich, J. G., Smirnova, M. A., Cherkesova, S. V. 1982. Pogranichnye tolshshi i granitsa silura i devona na Severnoyi Zemli. In Granitsy krupnykh podrazdelenyi fanerozoya Sibiri, 7795.Google Scholar
Nelson, G. J. 1970. Pharyngeal denticles (Placoid scales) of sharks, with notes on the dermal skeleton of vertebrates. American Museum Novitates, 2415, 126.Google Scholar
Obruchev, D. V. 1949. Tip Vertebrata Pozvonochnye. Alias rukovodyashshikh form iskopaemykh faun SSSR. Siluriyskaya sistema, 2, 316–28.Google Scholar
Obruchev, D. 1964. Beschelyustnye i ryby. Osnovy Paleontologii, 11, (Moscow: Nauka.)Google Scholar
Oervig, T. 1968. The dermal skeleton; general considerations. In Oervig, T. (ed.) Current problems of lower vertebrate phylogeny, 373–97. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Powrie, J. 1870. On the earliest known vestiges of vertebrate life; being a description of the fish remains of the Old Red Sandstone of Forfarshire. Transactions of the Geological Society of Edinburgh, 1, 284301.Google Scholar
Reif, W.-E. 1985. Squamation and Ecology of Sharks. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenherg, 78, 1255.Google Scholar
Ritchie, A. 1963. Palaeontological studies on Scottish Silurian Fish-Beds. Unpubl. PhD Thesis, Univ. of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Ritchie, A. 1968a. New evidence on Jamoytius kenvoodi White, an important ostracoderm from the Silurian of Lanarkshire, Scotland. Palaeontology, 11, 2139.Google Scholar
Ritchie, A. 1968b. Phlebolepis elegans, an Upper Silurian thelodont from Oesel, with remarks on the morphology of thelodonts. In Oervig, T. (ed.) Current problems of lower vertebrate phylogeny. 4th Nobel Symposium, 81–8, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Ritchie, A. 1985. Ainiktozoon loganense Scourfield, a protochordate? from the Silurian of Scotland. Alcheringa, 9, 117–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, G. 1986. North Esk inlier. In McAdam, D. & Clarkson, E. N. K. (eds) Lothian geology, 174–85. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.Google Scholar
Robertson, G. 1989. A palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Silurian rocks in the Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 80, 127–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolfe, W. D. I. 1962. The geology of the Hagshaw Hills Silurian inlier, Lanarkshire. Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society, 18, 240–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolfe, W. D. I. 1973a. Excursion 14: The Hagshaw Hills Silurian inlier. In Bluck, B. J. (ed.) Excursion guide to the geology of the Glasgow district, 105–19. Glasgow: The University Press.Google Scholar
Rolfe, W. D. I. 1973b. Excursion 15: Silurian arthropod and fish assemblages from Lesmahagow, Lanarkshire. In Bluck, B. J. (ed.) Excursion guide to the geology of the Glasgow district, 119–26. Glasgow: The University Press.Google Scholar
Rolfe, W. D. I. 1992a. Excursion 21. Hagshaw Hills. In Lawson, J. D. & Weedon, D. S. (eds) Geological excursions around Glasgow and Girvan, 265–79. Glasgow: The Geological Society of GlasgowGoogle Scholar
Rolfe, W. D. I. 1992b. Excursion 22. Lesmahagow. In Lawson, J. D. & Weedon, D. S. (eds) Geological excursions around Glasgow and Girvan, 280–7. Glasgow: The Geological Society of Glasgow.Google Scholar
Simpson, L. R. 1988. The anatomy of Silurian fossil fish from the Lesmahagow District, Scotland. Unpubl. PhD Thesis, Univ. of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Stensiö, E. A. 1958. Les Cyclostomes fossiles ou Ostracodermes. In Grassé, P.-P. (ed.) Traité de Zoologie. Paris, 13, 173425.Google Scholar
Stensiö, E. A. 1964. Les Cyclostomes fossiles ou Ostracodermes. In Piveteau, J. (ed.) Traité de Paleontologié. Paris, 4, 96385.Google Scholar
Stetson, H. C. 1931. Studies on the morphology of the Heterostraci. Journal of Geology, 39, 141–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talimaa, V. N. & Melnikov, S. V. 1987. Vypiska iz resheniya kollokviuma na temu: ‘Znachenye pozvonochnykh dlya obosnovaniya unifitsirovannoy i korrelyatsionnoy stratigraficheskikh skhem Devona Timano-Petchorskogo subregiona’. In Kaljo, D. (ed.) Resheniya Mezhvedomstvennogo stratigraficheskogo soveshshaniya po ordoviku i siluru Vostochno–Evropeyskoy platformy 1984 g. Leningrad, 1316.Google Scholar
Traquair, R. H. 1896. The extinct vertebrate animals of the Moray Firth area. In Harvie-Brown, J. H. & Buckley, D. E. (eds) A vertebrate fauna of the Moray Basin, 235–85. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Traquair, R. H. 1898. Report on fossil fishes. Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom for 1897, 72–6.Google Scholar
Traquair, R. H. 1899a. On Thelodus pagei Powrie, sp. from the Old Red Sandstone of Forfarshire. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 39, 595602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Traquair, R. H. 1899b. Report on fossil fishes collected by the Geological Survey of Scotland in the Silurian Rocks of the South of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 39, 827–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Traquair, R. H. 1900. The bearings of fossil ichthyology on the problem of evolution. (Address to Zool. sectn. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci.) Geological Magazine, 7, 463–70.Google Scholar
Traquair, R. H. 1901. Note on the fossil fishes from the Silurian rocks of the Lesmahagow District. Memoir of the Geological Survey of the U.K. Summ. Prog, for 1900, 175–6.Google Scholar
Traquair, R. H. 1905. Supplementary report on fossil fishes collected by the Geological Survey of Scotland in Upper Silurian rocks of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 40, 879–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, P. & Turner, S. 1974. Thelodonts from the Upper Silurian of Ringerike, Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tiddskrift, 54, 182–92.Google Scholar
Turner, S. 1970. Fish help to trace continental movements. Spectrum, Bulletin of the Center for Official Information, 79, 810.Google Scholar
Turner, S. 1973. Siluro–Devonian thelodonts from the Welsh Borderland. Journal of the Geological Society, 129, 557–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, S. 1976. Thelodonti (Agnatha). In Westphal, F. (ed.) Fossilium Catalogus I: Animalia, Pars122.Google Scholar
Turner, S. 1982. A new articulated thelodont (Agnatha) from the Early Devonian of Britain. Palaeontology, 25, 879–89.Google Scholar
Turner, S. 1984. Studies on Palaeozoic Thelodonti (Craniata: Agnatha). Unpubl. PhD Thesis, Univ. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.Google Scholar
Turner, S. 1986. Thelodus macintoshi Stetson 1928, the largest known thelodont (Agnatha:Thelodonti). Breviora, 486, 118.Google Scholar
Turner, S. 1991. Monophyly and interrelationships of the Thelodonti. In Mee-mann, Chang, Yu-hai, Liu & Guo-rui, Zhang (eds) Early vertebrates and related problems of evolutionary biology, 87119. Beijing: Science Press.Google Scholar
Turner, S. 1992. Thelodont lifestyles. In Kurik, E. (ed.) Fossil fishes as living animals. Academia, 1, 2140. Tallinn: Academy of Sciences of Estonia.Google Scholar
Turner, S. & Nowlan, G. S. 1995. Early Silurian microvertebrates of eastern Canada. Bulletin du Museum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 17, 513–29.Google Scholar
Turner, S. & Peel, J. S. 1986. Silurian thelodont scales from North Greenland. Rapport Gronlands Geologiske Undersagelse, 132, 7988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, S., Aldridge, R. J., Jones, G. L. & Harper, D. A. T. 1994. The Llandovery microvertebrates from the Kilbridge Formation, Co. Galway, western Ireland. Annual Irish Geology Research Meeting, 25th–27th February, 1994. Abstracts.Google Scholar
Turner, A. & van der Brugghen, W. 1993. The Thelodonti, an important but enigmatic group of Palaeozoic fishes. Modern Geology, 18, 129.Google Scholar
Valiukevicius, J., Gladkovskiy, V. T., Karatajute-Talimaa, V. N., Kurshs, V., Melnikov, S. V. & Menner, V. V. 1983. Stratigrafiya silura i nizhnego devona Severnogo Timana. Seriya Geologicheskaya, 10, 5364.Google Scholar
van der Brugghen, W. 1993. Thelodonten binnenste buiten gekeerd. Grondboor en Hamer, 3, 8891.Google Scholar
van der Brugghen, W. 1994. Over magen en staarten van thelodonten. Grondboor en Hamer, 4/5, 8793.Google Scholar
van der Brugghen, W. & Janvier, P. 1993. Denticles in thelodonts. Nature, 364, 107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vergoossen, J. M. J. 1992. On complex dermal elements in Loganellia species (Agnatha, Thelodonti) from the Upper Llandovery of Scotland. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 71, 5164.Google Scholar
Walton, E. K. & Oliver, G. J. H. 1991. Lower Palaeozoic stratigraphy. In Craig, G. Y. (ed.) Geology of Scotland (3rd edn), 161–93. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wellmann, C. H. & Richardson, J. B. 1993. Terrestrial plant microfossils from Silurian inliers of the Midland Valley of Scotland. Palaeontology, 36, 155–93.Google Scholar
Westoll, T. S. 1945. A new Cephalaspid fish from the Downtonian of Scotland, with notes on the structure and classification of Ostracoderms. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 61, 341–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, M. V. H., Soehn, K. L., Hanke, G. F. and Marss, T. 1997. Preliminary vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Silurian Avalanche Lake sections, Mackenzie Mountains, Canada. In Wilson, M. (ed.) Circum-Arctic Palaeozoic Vertebrates: Biological and Geological Significance. Buckow, Germany, July 4-6, 1997. Ichthyolith Issues. Special Publications, 2, 26–7.Google Scholar