Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T06:29:40.191Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A new latest Telychian, Sheinwoodian and Early Homerian (Early Silurian) Standard Conodont Zonation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2011

Lennart Jeppsson
Lennart Jeppsson
Affiliation:
Geologiska institutionen, Avd. f. Historisk Geologi och Paleontologi, Sölvegatan 13, S–223 62 Lund, Sweden
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The new standard conodont zonation includes, in succession from below: Lower Ps. bicornis Zone, Upper Ps. bicornis Zone, Lower P. procerus Zone, Upper P. procerus Zone, Lower K. ranuliformis Zone, Upper K. ranuliformis Zone, 0. s. rhenana Zone, Lower K. walliseri Zone, Middle K. walliseri Zone, K. patula Zone, uppermost K. walliseri range, post K. walliseri interregnum, K. o. ortus Zone and 0. s. sagitta Zone. Lower boundaries for each zone are defined or redefined. A less detailed biostratigraphic nomenclature at the superzone level is suggested for use where collections are inadequate: The Pterospathodus Zonal group, the Upper Pterospathodus Zonal group, the P. amorphognathoides Zonal group, the Ps. bicornis Superzone, the P. procerus Superzone, the K. ranuliformis Superzone, the O. s. rhenana Superzone, the K. walliseri Zonal group, the Upper K. walliseri Superzone and the K. o. ortus Superzone. These partly overlap and can be used according to the taxa present. The proposed zonation is applied to most known conodont sequences. The taxonomic concept of the taxa used is discussed; new taxa include Nudibelodina sensitiva, Ozarkodina paraconfluens and O. martinssoni. The species name Ozarkodina ortus is a senior synonym of Kockelella absidata.

Keywords

Silurianhigh resolutionbiostratigraphyglobal correlationextinctiongraptoliteschitinozoansoceanic cyclessea level changestaxonomy
Type
Research Article
Information
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh , Volume 88 , Issue 2 , 1997 , pp. 91 - 114
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aldridge, R. J. 1972. Llandovery conodonts from the Welsh Borderland. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 22, 125–231.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J. 1975a. The Silurian conodont Ozarkodina sagitta and its value in correlation. Palaeontology 18, 323–32.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J. 1975b. The stratigraphic distribution of conodonts in the British Silurian. Journal of the Geological Society, London 131, 607–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldridge, R. J. 1976. Comparison of macrofossil communities and conodont distribution in the British Silurian. In Barnes, C. R. (ed.) Conodont paleoecology. The Geological Association of Canada Special Papers 15, 91–104.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J. 1980. Notes on some Silurian conodonts from Ireland. Journal of Earth Sciences, Royal Dublin Society 3, 127–32.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J. 1985. Conodonts of the Silurian System from the British Isles. In Higgins, A. C. & Austin, R. L. (eds) A stratigraphical index of conodonts, 68–92 and 240–1. Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood Ltd.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J. & Schönlaub, H. P. 1989. Conodonts. In Holland, C. H. & Bassett, M. G. (eds) A global standard for the Silurian System, 264–7. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series No. 9, Cardiff.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J., Briggs, D. E. G., Clarkson, E. N. K. & Smith, M. P. 1986. The affinities of conodonts—new evidence from the Carboniferous of Edinburgh, Scotland. Lethaia 19, 279–91.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J., Briggs, D. E. G., Smith, M. P., Clarkson, E. N. K. & Clark, N. D. L. 1993a. The anatomy of conodonts. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B340, 405–21.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J., Jeppsson, L. & Doming, K. J. 1993b. Early Silurian oceanic episodes and events. Journal of the Geological Society, London 150, 501–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, H. A. 1990. Conodonts from the Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian carbonate platform of North Greenland. Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse, Bulletin 159, 1–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balogh, K. & Kozur, H. 1985. The Silurian and Devonian in the surroundings of Nekezsény (Southernmost Uppony Mts Northern Hungary). Acta Mineralogica Petrographica, Szeged 27, 193–212.Google Scholar
Barca, S., Ferretti, A., Massa, P. & Serpagli, E. 1992. The Hercynian Arburese tectonic units of SW Sardinia. New stratigraphic and structural data. Revista Italiana di Paleontologica e Stratigrafia 98, 119–36.Google Scholar
Barrick, J. E. 1977. Multielement simple-cone conodonts from the Clarita Formation (Silurian), Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma. Geologica et Palaeontologica 11, 47–68.Google Scholar
Barrick, J. E. 1983. Wenlockian (Silurian) conodont biostratigraphy, biofacies, and carbonate lithofacies, Wayne Formation, central Tennessee. Journal of Paleontology 57, 208–39.Google Scholar
Barrick, J. E. & Klapper, G. 1976. Multielement Silurian (Late Llandoverian-Wenlockian) conodonts of the Clarita Formation, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma and phylogeny of Kockelella. Geologica et Palaeontologica 10, 59–99.Google Scholar
Bassett, M. G. & Cocks, L. R. M. 1974. A review of Silurian brachiopods from Gotland. Fossils and Strata 3, 56 pp.Google Scholar
Bassett, M. G. & Shergold, J. H. 1967. The position of the Wenlock/Ludlow boundary in the Silurian graptolite sequence. Geological Magazine 104, 395–7.Google Scholar
Bassett, M. G., Cocks, L. R. M., Holland, C. H., Rickards, R. B. & Warren, P. T. 1975. The type Wenlock Series. Institute of Geological Sciences Report 75/13, 19 p., London.Google Scholar
Bassett, M. G., Kaljo, D. & Teller, L. 1989. The Baltic region. In Holland, C. H. & Bassett, M. G. (eds) A global standard for the Silurian System, 158–70. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series No. 9 Cardiff.Google Scholar
Bischoff, G. C. O. 1986. Early and Middle Silurian conodonts from midwestern New South Wales. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 89, 1–337.Google Scholar
Bjerreskov, M. 1992. Upper Llandovery and Wenlock Cyrtograptus from the Silurian Peary Land Group, North Greenland. Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 163, 1–31.Google Scholar
Branson, E. B. & Mehl, M. G. 1933. Condont studies number 1. The University of Missouri Studies 8, 1–72.Google Scholar
Branson, E. B. & Branson, C. C. 1947. Lower Silurian conodonts from Kentucky. Journal of Paleontology 21, 549–56.Google Scholar
Brazauskas, A. 1983. Conodont zones of Lithuanian Llandovery facies. [In Russian, English abstract with this title.] Geologija 4, 41–68.Google Scholar
Chatterton, B. D. E. & Perry, D. G. 1983. Silified Silurian odontopleurid trilobites from the Mackenzie Mountains. Palaeontographica Canadiana 1, 1–127.Google Scholar
Cooper, B. J. 1976. Multielement conodonts from the St. Clair limestone (Silurian) of southern Illinois. Journal of Paleontology 50, 205–17.Google Scholar
Cooper, B. J. 1977. Toward a familial classification of Silurian conodonts. Journal of Paleontology 51, 1057–71.Google Scholar
Cooper, B. J. 1980. Toward an improved Silurian conodont biostratigraphy. Lethaia 13, 209–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drygant, D. M. 1974. Simple conodonts of the Silurian and lowermost Devonian of the Volyno—Podolian. Paleontologicheskij Sbornik 10, 64–70.Google Scholar
Drygant, D. M. 1984 1986. Korreljacija i Konodonty Silurijskich-Niznedevonskich Otlozenij Volyno-Podolii. Akademia nauk Ukrainskoj SSR Institut Geologii I' Geochemii Gorjucich Iskopaemych, 208 p. Kiev: Naukova Dumka.Google Scholar
Fredholm, D. 1990. Agnathan vertebrates in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 112, 61–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grahn, Y. & Caputo, M. V. 1992. Early Silurian glaciations in Brazil. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 99, 9–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hede, J. E. 1960. The Silurian of Gotland. In Regnéll, G. & Hede, J. E. (eds) The Lower Palaeozoic of Scania. The Silurian of Gotland. Int. Geol. Congr. XXI Sess. Norden 1960 Guidebook Sweden d. Stockholm 44–89. [Also in Publ. Inst. Min. Pal. Quat. Geol. Univ. Lund. 91.]Google Scholar
Helfrich, C. T. 1975. Silurian conodonts from Wills Mountain Anticline, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 161, 1-82 + 86 pp on microfiche.Google Scholar
Helfrich, C. T. 1980. Late Llandovery-early Wenlock conodonts from the upper part of the Rose Hill and the basal part of the Mifflintown formations, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland. Journal of Paleontology 54, 557–69.Google Scholar
Jaeger, H. 1975. Die Graptolithenführung im Silur/Devon des Cellon-Profils (Karnische Alpen). Carinthia 2, 111–26.Google Scholar
Jaeger, H. 1991. Neue Standard-Graptolithenzonenfolge nach der ‘Grossen Krise’ an der Wenlock/Ludlow-Grenze (Silur). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlung 182, 303–54. Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Jaeger, H. & Schönlaub, H. P. 1977. Das Ordoviz/Silur-Profil im Nölblinggraben (Karnische Alpen, Österreich). Verhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 1977, 349–59.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1975 [1974]. Aspects of Late Silurian conodonts. Fossils and Strata 6, 1–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1979. Conodonts. In Jaanusson, V., Laufeld, S. & Skoglund, R. (eds) Lower Wenlock faunal and floral dynamics—Vattenfallet Section, Gotland. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C762, 225–48.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1983a. Silurian conodont faunas from Gotland. Fossils and Strata 15, 121–44.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1983b. Simple-cone studies: some provocative thoughts. Fossils and Strata 15, 86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1984. Sudden appearances of Silurian conodont lineages— provincialism or special biofacies? In Clark, D. L. (ed.) Conodont biofacies and provincialism. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 196, 103–12.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1987. Lithological and conodont distributional evidence for episodes of anomalous oceanic conditions during the Silurian. In Aldridge, R. J. (ed.) Palaeobiology of conodonts, 129–145. Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood Ltd.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1988. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Silurian-Devonian boundary stratotype at Klonk, Czechoslovakia. Geologica et Palaeontologica 22, 21–31.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1990. An oceanic model for lithological and faunal changes, tested on the Silurian record. Journal of the Geological Society, London 147, 663–74.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1993. Silurian events: the theory and the conodonts. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences 42, 23–7.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1997a. The anatomy of the mid-Early Silurian Ireviken Event. In Brett, C. E. & Baird, G. C. (eds) Paleontological events: stratigraphic, ecological, and evolutionary implications, 451–92.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1997b. Recognition of a probable secundo-primo event in the Early Silurian. Lethaia 29, 311–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeppsson, L., Anehus, R. & Fredholm, D. In manuscript. Studies of the acetic acid technique for extracting phosphatic fossils. 22 pp.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. & Männik, P. 1993. High Resolution Correlations between Gotland and Estonia near the base of the Wenlock. Terra Nova 5, 348–58.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. & Merrill, G. K. 1982. How best to designate obsolete taxonomic names and concepts: examples among conodonts. Journal of Paleontology 56, 1489–93.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L., Fredholm, D. & Mattiasson, B. 1985. Acetic acid and phosphatic fossils—a warning. Journal of Paleontology 59, 952–6.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L., Viira, V. & Männik, P. 1994. Conodont-based correlations between Gotland (Sweden) and Saaremaa (Estonia). Geological Magazine 131, 201–18.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L., Aldridge, R. J. & Dorning, K. J. 1995. Wenlock (Silurian) oceanic episodes and events. Journal of the Geological Society of London 152, 487–98.Google Scholar
Kleffner, M. A. 1987. Conodonts of the Estill Shale and Bisher Formation (Silurian, southern Ohio): Biostratigraphy and Distribution. Ohio Journal of Science 87, 78–89.Google Scholar
Kleffner, M. A. 1989. A conodont-based Silurian chronostratigraphy. Geological Society of America Bulletin 101, 904–12.Google Scholar
Kleffner, M. A. 1990. Wenlock (Silurian) conodont biostratigraphy, depositional environments, and depositional history along the eastern flank of the Cincinnati arch in southern Ohio. Journal of Paleontology 64, 319–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleffner, M. A. 1991. Conodont biostratigraphy of the upper part of the Clinton Group and the Lockport Group (Silurian) in the Niagara Gorge region, New York and Ontario. Journal of Paleontology 65, 500–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleffner, M. A. 1994. Conodont biostratigraphy and depositional history of strata comprising the Niagaran sequence (Silurian) in the northern part of the Cincinnati Arch region, west-central Ohio and evolution of Kockelella walliseri (Helfrich). Journal of Paleontology 68, 141–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleffner, M. A. 1995. A conodont- and graptolite-based Silurian Chronostratigraphy. In Mann, K. O. & Lane, H. R. (eds) Graphic correlation. SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology, Special Publication 53, 159–76.Google Scholar
Koren, T. N., Abushik, A. F., Modzalevskaya, T. L. & Predtechensky, N. N. 1989. Podolia. In Holland, C. H. & Bassett, M. G. (eds) A global standard for the Silurian System, 141–9. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series No. 9, Cardiff.Google Scholar
Kozur, H. 1984. Preliminary report about the Silurian to Middle Devonian sequences near Nekézseny (Southernmost Uppony Mts., Northern Hungary). Geologische Paläontolgische Mitteilungen Innsbruck 13, 149–76.Google Scholar
Kříž, J. 1992. Silurian field excursions: Prague Basin (Barrandian), Bohemia. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series 13, 1–111.Google Scholar
Laufeld, S. 1971. Chitinozoa and correlation of the Molodova and Restevo beds of Podolia, USSR. Extrait du BRGM 73, 291–300.Google Scholar
Laufeld, S. 1974a. Silurian Chitinozoa from Gotland. Fossils and Strata 5, 130 pp.Google Scholar
Laufeld, S. 1974b. Reference localities for palaeontology and geology in the Silurian of Gotland. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C705, 172 pp.Google Scholar
Lindström, M. 1964. Conodonts. Amsterdam, London, New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Link, A. G. & Druce, E. C. 1972. Ludlovian and Gedinnian conodont stratigraphy of the Yass Basin, New South Wales. BMR Geology and Geophysics Bulletin 134, 136 pp.Google Scholar
LoDuca, S. T. & Brett, C. E. 1991. Placement of the Wenlockian/Ludlovian boundary in western New York State. Lethaia 24, 255–64.Google Scholar
LoDuca, S. T. & Brett, C. E. 1993. Graptolites and the Wenlockian/Ludlovian boundary in western New York State: reply. Lethaia 26, 188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loydell, D. K. 1993. Ludlow graptoloids from New York state: the search must continue. Lethaia 26, 186–7.Google Scholar
Mabillard, J. E. & Aldridge, R. J. 1983. Conodonts from the Coralliferous Group (Silurian) of Marloes Bay, South-West Dyfed, Wales. Geologica et Palaeontologica 17, 29–43.Google Scholar
Mabillard, J. E. & Aldridge, R. J. 1985. Microfossil distribution across the base of the Wenlock Series in the type area. Palaeontology 28, 89–100.Google Scholar
Männik, P. 1992a. Upper Ordovician and lower Silurian conodonts in Estonia. Dissertationes Geologicae Universitatis Tartuensis 1, 1–49.Google Scholar
Männik, P. 1992b. Taxonomy of conodont species Ozarkodina polinclinata (Nicoll and Rexroad) in the Silurian of Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 41, 54–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Männik, P. (in press) Evolution of the conodont genus Pterospathodus and the celloni-amorphognathoides Zones in the Silurian of Estonia. In The aspects of the phytogeny in palaeontology. Contributions to the XXXV sessions of the All-union Palaeontological Society, St. Petersburg [in Russian].Google Scholar
Männik, P., & Aldridge, R. J. 1989. Evolution, taxonomy and relationships of the Silurian conodont Pterospathodus. Palaeontology 32, 893–906.Google Scholar
Melchin, M. J. 1994. Graptolite extinction at the Llandovery-Wenlock boundary. Lethaia 27, 273–362.Google Scholar
Merino, Rodo D. 1991. Primer Registro de conodontos Siluricos en Bolivia. Revista Tecnica de YPFB 12, 271–4.Google Scholar
Miller, C. G. & Aldridge, R. J. 1993. The taxonomy and apparatus structure of the Silurian distomodontid conodont Coryssognathus Link & Druce, 1972. Journal of Micropaleontology 12, 241–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, R. H. 1978. Early Silurian to Early Devonian conodont biostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Hidden Valley Dolomite, southeastern California. Journal of Paleontology 52, 323–44.Google Scholar
Nestor, H. 1990. Silurian sequences at Särghaua field station. In Kaljo, D. & Nestor, H. (eds) Field Meeting Estonia 1990, 184–6. Estonian Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Nestor, V. & Nestor, H. 1991. Dating of the Wenlock carbonate sequences in Estonia and stratigraphic breaks. EESTI Teaduste Akademia Toimetised [Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences] 40, 50–60.Google Scholar
Nicoll, R. S., & Rexroad, C. B. 1969 [1968]. Stratigraphy and conodont paleontology of the Salamonie Dolomite and Lee Creek Member of the Brassfield Limestone (Silurian) in Southeastern Indiana and adjacent Kentucky. Indiana Geological Survey Bulletin 40, 1–73.Google Scholar
Odin, G. S., Hunziker, J.C., Jeppsson, L. & Spjeldnaes, N. 1986. Ages radiometriques K-Ar de biotites pyroclastiques sedimentées dans le Wenlock de Gotland (Suède). In Odin, G. S. (ed.) Calibration of the Phanerozoic time scale. Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section) 59, 117–25.Google Scholar
Over, D. J. & Chatterton, D. E. 1987. Silurian conodonts from the southern Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada. Geologica et Palaeontologica 21, 1–49.Google Scholar
Rexroad, C. B. 1968 [1967]. Stratigraphy and conodont paleontology of the Brassfield (Silurian) in the Cincinnati Arch Area. Indiana Geological Survey Bulletin 36, 1–71.Google Scholar
Rexroad, C. B. & Kleffner, M. A. 1984. The Silurian stratigraphy of east-central Kentucky and adjacent Ohio. In Rast, N. & Hay, H. B. (eds) Field trip guides for Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Southeastern and North Central sections. Kentucky Geolocial Survey, 44–64.Google Scholar
Rexroad, C. B. & Richard, L. V. [should read ‘Rickard’] 1965. Zonal conodonts from the Silurian strata of the Niagara Gorge. Journal of Paleontology 39, 1217–20.Google Scholar
Rickards, R. B., Hutt, J. E. & Berry, W. B. N. 1977. Evolution of the Silurian and Devonian graptoloids. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 28, 1–120.Google Scholar
Sansom, I. J., Armstrong, H. A. & Smith, M. P. 1995. The apparatus architecture of Panderodus and its implications for coniform conodont classification. Palaeontology 37, 781–99.Google Scholar
Savage, N. M. 1985. Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock) conodonts from the base of the Heceta Limestone, southeastern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, 711–27.Google Scholar
Serpagli, E. 1970. Uppermost Wenlockian-Upper Ludlovian (Silurian) conodonts from Western Sardinia. Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 9, 76–96.Google Scholar
Shaw, A. B. 1964. Time in stratigraphy, 365 pp. New York N.Y: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Skoglund, R. 1979. Graptolites. In Jaanusson, V., Laufeld, S. & Skoglund, R. (eds) Lower Wenlock faunal and floral dynamics—Vattenfallet section, Gotland. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C762, 213–15.Google Scholar
Smith, M. P., Briggs, D. E. G. and Aldridge, R. J. 1987. A conodont animal from the lower Silurian of Wisconsin, USA, and the apparatus architecture of panderodontid conodonts. In Aldridge, R. J. (ed.) Palaeobiology of conodonts, 91–104. British Micropalaeontological Society/Ellis Horwood Limited.Google Scholar
Stauffer, C. R. 1940. Conodonts from the Devonian and associated clays of Minnesota. Journal of Paleontology 14, 417–35.Google Scholar
Štorch, P. 1994. Graptolite biostratigraphy of the Lower Silurian (Llandovery and Wenlock) of Bohemia. Geological Journal 29, 137–65.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C. 1979. Late Ordovician Conodonts and Biostratigraphy of the Western Midcontinent Province. Brigham Young University, Geology Studies 26, 45–85.Google Scholar
Teller, L. 1969. The Silurian biostratigraphy of Poland based on graptolites. Acta Geologica Polonica 19, 393–501.Google Scholar
Uyeno, T. T. 1990. Biostratigraphy and conodont faunas of upper Ordovician through middle Devonian rocks, Eastern Arctic Archipelago. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 401, 1–211.Google Scholar
Viira, V. 1975. A new species of Spathognathodus from the Jaani Stage of the East Baltic. EESTI Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised 24, 233–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viira, V. 1983. Upper Silurian Spathognathodus (conodonts) from Estonia. In Klaamann, E. (ed.) Paleontology of early Paleozoic of the East Baltic and Podolia, 41–71. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian Institute of Geology [in Russian].Google Scholar
Walliser, O. H. 1964. Conodonten des Silurs. Abhandlungen des Hessischen Landesamtes für Bodenforschung zu Wiesbaden 41, 106 pp.Google Scholar
Walmsley, V. G., Aldridge, R. J. & Austin, R. L. 1974. Brachiopod and conodont faunas from the Silurian and Lower Devonian of Bohemia. Geologica et Palaeontologica 8, 39–47.Google Scholar
Watkins, R. & Kuglitsch, J. J. 1993. Silurian of the Great Lakes Region, Part 1 Wenlock Rhipidium Community and conodont fauna from Limestone Mountain, Michigan. Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions in Biology and Geology 86, 119.Google Scholar
Ziegler, W., Lindström, M. & McTavish, R. 1971. Monochloracetic acid and condonts—a warning. Nature 230, 584.Google Scholar