Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T08:48:08.726Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Old Dominions and Industrial Commonwealths: The Political Economy of Coal in Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1810–1875

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2015

Extract

During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, Great Britain utilized its extensive coal reserves to emerge as the world's leading industrial power. “If a patch of a few square miles has done so much for central England,” one British writer pondered in 1856, “what may fields containing many hundred square leagues do for the United States?” In the story of American coal, the two most important states on the eve of the nineteenth century were Virginia and Pennsylvania. Virginia was endowed with bituminous coal reserves in both the James River Basin and its western counties, while Pennsylvania enjoyed a virtual monopoly on American anthracite coal as well as a massive bituminous region west of the Allegheny Mountains.

Type
Dissertation Summaries
Copyright
Copyright © Enterprise and Society 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Leifchild, J. R.,Our Coal and Our Coal Pits; The People in Them, and the Scenes Around Them (London,1856),16.Google Scholar

2. The physical distinction between ‘hard’ anthracite coal and ‘soft’ bituminous coal is that the former has a higher carbon content than the latter. Anthracite was employed in the making of iron and steel after 1839, and the fact that it burned cleanly made it a desirable household fuel. Bituminous coal, although dirtier when ignited than anthracite, was easier to light and was used quite extensively to make coke, the major fuel source of the steel industry.

3. United States Rail Road and Mining Register (Philadelphia), 6 Sept.1856.Google Scholar

4. All production statistics are from Eavenson, Howard,The First Century and a Quarter of American Coal Industry (Pittsburgh, Pa.,1942),426–36.Google Scholar

5. See, for example, Bateman, Fred andWeiss, Thomas,A Deplorable Scarcity: The Failure of Industrialization in the Slave Economy (Chapel Hill, N.C.,1982)Google Scholar; Siegel, Frederick,The Roots of Southern Distinctiveness: Tobacco and Society in Danville, Virginia, 1780–1865 (Chapel Hill, N.C.,1987)Google Scholar; Majewski, John, “Commerce and Continuity: Economic Culture and Internal Improvements in Pennsylvania and Virginia, 1790–1860” (Ph.D. diss., UCLA,1995)Google Scholar; Egnal, Marc,Divergent Paths: How Culture and Institutions Have Shaped North American Growth (New York,1996).Google Scholar

6. The two landmark studies to examine the rise of the early American coal industry are Chandler, Alfred D. Jr., “Anthracite Coal and the Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in the United States,Business History Review 46 (Summer1972):141–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Powell, H. Benjamin,Philadelphia’s First Fuel Crisis: Jacob Cist and the Developing Market for Pennsylvania Anthracite (University Park,Pa.,1978).Google Scholar

7. Miner’s Journal (Pottsville, Pa.), 16 May1857.Google Scholar

8. For examples of both the old and the new schools in the field of state-level economic studies, see Hartz, Louis,Economic Policy and Democratic Thought: Pennsylvania, 1776–1860 (Cambridge, Mass.,1948)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Gunn, L. Ray,The Decline of Authority: Public Economic Policy and Political Development in New York, 1800–1860 (Ithaca, N.Y.,1988)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9. Two seminal works of political history that make this assumption are Skowronek, Stephen,Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877–1920 (New York,1982)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Bensel, Richard,Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859–1877 (New York,1990)Google Scholar. For this assumption in economic policymaking, see Richardson, Heather Cox,The Greatest Nation on Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War (Cambridge, Mass.,1997).Google Scholar

10. This theme draws on two broad trends of scholarship. First, it addresses the political economy of slavery, best exemplified by works such as Genovese, Eugene,The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy and Society of the Slave South (New York,1967)Google Scholar; Oakes, James,The Ruling Race: A History of American Slaveholders (New York,1983)Google Scholar; Oakes, James,Slavery and Freedom: An Interpretation of the Slave South (New York,1990)Google Scholar; Ransom, Roger,Conflict and Compromise: The Political Economy of Slavery, Emancipation, and the American Civil War (New York,1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Second, my work is influenced by the literature on industrial slavery, including Starobin, Robert,Industrial Slavery in the Old South (New York,1970)Google Scholar, and Dew, Charles,Bond of Iron: Master and Slave at Buffalo Forge (New York,1994)Google Scholar.

11. Both Wallace’s, Anthony F. C. St. Clair: A Nineteenth-Century Coal Town’s Experience with a Disaster-Prone Industry (New York,1987)Google Scholar and Lewis’s, Ronald L. Coal, Iron, and Slaves: Industrial Slavery in Maryland and Virginia, 1715–1860 (Westport, Conn.,1979) are important studies of the early American coal industry that fit this pattern.Google Scholar

12. The study of state-level institutions and economic growth in American history boasts both a distinguished genealogy and an exciting future; I seek to build on the insights of scholarship on antebellum American political economy of the post–World War II era as well as of the latest breakthroughs in institution-centered historical research of the 1990s. See, for example, Handlin, Oscar andHandlin, Mary Flug,Commonwealth: A Study of the Role of Government in the American Economy: Massachusetts, 1774–1861 (Cambridge, Mass.,1947)Google Scholar; Hartz, ,Economic Policy and Democratic Thought; Harry Scheiber, Ohio Canal Era: A Case Study of Government and the Economy, 1820–1861 (Athens, Ohio,1969)Google Scholar; J. Willard, Hurst,Law and the Conditions of Freedom in the Nineteenth-Century United States (Madison, Wisc.,1956)Google Scholar; Hurst, J. Willard,Law and Economic Growth: The Legal History of the Lumber Industry in Wisconsin, 1836–1915 (Cambridge, Mass.,1964)Google Scholar; Dunlavy, Colleen,Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia (Princeton, N.J.,1994)Google Scholar; Novak, William,The People’s Welfare: Law and Regulation in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill, N.C.,1996)Google Scholar; and John, Richard R.,Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse (Cambridge, Mass.,1995)Google Scholar.