Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T01:59:10.721Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Classification of Coastal and Marine Environments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

Bruce P. Hayden ,
G. Carleton Ray  and
Robert Dolan
Bruce P. Hayden
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA.
G. Carleton Ray
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA.
Robert Dolan
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Marine and coastal areas are classified in this paper according to attributes of the physical environment and by the faunal assemblages involved. Oceanic and coastal-margin realms are defined and mapped with the marginal seas and archipelagos named according to their connections to oceanic realms. There are seven types of ocean realms and thirteen types of coastal-margin realms. Latitudinal symmetry is present between hemispheres and from ocean basin to ocean basin. The defining characteristics for these realms are the seasonal variations in ocean surface currents and the companion seasonal variations in the main wind-currents of the atmosphere.

Forty faunal provinces are indicated on the six maps of the oceanic and coastal realms. As sufficient database for their inclusion is not yet available, coastal marine and coastal terrestrial floristics and vegetation are not considered in this classification.

While the boundaries between faunal provinces do not always match boundaries between ocean and coastal realms, the foundation is laid for a binominal designation system with the coastal or oceanic realm as ‘genus’ and the faunal province as the ‘epithet’—e.g. Western Subtropical—Cortezian. With this system, global intercomparisons become manageable. For example, the Western Subtropical-Cortezian can be directly contrasted with the Western Subtropical—Louisianian and the Western Subtropical—Southwestern Australian.

Type
Main Papers
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 11 , Issue 3 , Autumn 1984 , pp. 199 - 207
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 1984

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bailey, R.G. & Cushwa, C.T. (1982). Ecoregion, Form, and Hydrologic Unit Maps of the United States. US Dept Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Biol. Ser. Prog. FWS/OBS-8209, ‘consists of a series of maps’.Google Scholar
Briggs, J.C. (1974). Marine Zoogeography. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY, USA: x + 475 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Brown, J.H. & Gibson, A.C. (1983). Biogeography. CV Mosby Co., St Louis, Missouri, USA: xi + 643 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Bryson, R.A. (1966). Airmasses, streamlines and the boreal forest. Geographical Bulletin (Canada), 8, pp. 228–69.Google Scholar
Darlington, P.M. Jr (1957). Zoogeography: The Geographical Distribution of Animals. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA: xi + 675 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Dietrich, D. (1963). General Oceanography: An Introduction. Interscience Publishers, New York, NY, USA: vii + 588 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Dolan, R., Hayden, B.P., Hornberger, G., Zieman, J. & Vincent, M. (1972). Classification of the Coastal Environments of the World, PartI: the Americas. (Techn. Rept No. 1, Office of Naval Research, Geography Programs.) University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA: 163 pp.Google Scholar
Ekman, S. (1953). Zoogeography of the Sea. Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd, London, England, UK: xiv + 417 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Fairbridge, R. (Ed.) (1966). Oceans, limits, definition and dimension. Pp. 632–40 in Encyclopedia of Earth Science Series, Encyclopedia of Oceanography, vol. I. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, NY, USA: xiii + 1,021 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Hayden, B.P. & Dolan, R. (1976). Coastal marine fauna and marine climates of the Americas. Jour, of Biogeography, 3, pp. 71–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hesse, R., Allee, W.C. & Schmidt, K.P. (1951). Ecological Animal Geography, 2nd edn.John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA: xii + 715 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Iverson, R.L., Coachman, L.K., Cooney, R.T., English, T.S., Goering, J.J., Hunt, G.L. Jr, Macauley, M.C., Mcroy, C.P., Reeburgh, W.S. & Whitledge, T.E. (1979). Ecological significance of fronts in the southeastern Bering Sea. Pp. 437–65 in Ecological Processes in Coastal and Marine Systems (Ed. Livingston, R.L.). Plenum Publishing Corp., New York, NY, USA: xi + 548 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ketchum, B.K. (Ed.) (1972). The Waters' Edge: Critical Problems of the Coastal Zone. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, & London, England, UK: xx + 393 pp.Google Scholar
Köppen, W. (1931). Grundiss der Klimakunde, 2nd ed.Berlin & Leipzig, Germany: 388 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacArthur, R.H. (1972). Geographical Ecology: Patterns in the Distribution of Species. Harper & Row, New York, NY, USA: xviii + 269 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
McNeely, J.A. & Miller, K.R. (1983). IUCN, national parks, and protected areas: Priorities for action. Environmental Conservation, 10(1), pp. 13–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pielou, E.C. (1979). Biogeography. Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY, USA: ix + 351 pp.Google Scholar
Polunin, N.V.C. (1983). Marine ‘genetic resources’ and the potential role of protected areas in conserving them. Environmental Conservation, 10(1), pp. 31–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray, G.C. (1975). A Preliminary Classification of Coastal and Marine Environments. IUCN Occasional Paper No. 14, IUCN, Morges, Switzerland: 26 pp.Google Scholar
Ray, G.C., Clark, J.R., Foster, N.M., Godfrey, P.J., Hayden, B.P., Leatherman, S.P., Odum, W.E., Sather, J.H., & Gregg, W.P. Jr (1981). Interim Guidelines for Identification and Selection of Coastal Biosphere Reserves. Report to the Directorate on Biosphere Reserves, United States Man and the Biosphere Program (MAB-8), US MAB Rep. No. 6, 33 pp.Google Scholar
Ray, G. C., Hayden, B., & Dolan, R. (in press). Development of a Biophysical Coastal and Marine Classification System. In National Parks, Conservation, and Development: The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society (Ed. J.A. McNeely & K.R. Miller). (Proceedings of the World National Parks Congress, Bali, Indonesia, 1982.) Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC USA.Google Scholar
Trewartha, G.T. (1954). An Introduction to Climate, 3rd edn.McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York-Toronto-London: vii + 402 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Udvardy, M.D.F. (1969). Dynamic Zoogeography: With Special Reference to Land Animals. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY, USA: xviii + 445 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Udvardy, M.D.F. (1975). A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World. IUCN Occasional Paper No. 18, IUCN, Morges, Switzerland: 49 pp.Google Scholar
UNESCO (1974). Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB). Task Force on: Criteria and Guidelines for the Choice and Establishment of Biosphere Reserves. MAB Rept Series No. 22, UNESCO, Paris, France: pp. 1–61, illustr.Google Scholar