Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T12:31:29.504Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Compensating for livestock killed by lions: payment for environmental services as a policy arrangement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 April 2015

NOWELLA ANYANGO-VAN ZWIETEN ,
RENÉ VAN DER DUIM  and
INGRID J. VISSEREN-HAMAKERS
NOWELLA ANYANGO-VAN ZWIETEN*
Affiliation:
Cultural Geography Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
RENÉ VAN DER DUIM
Affiliation:
Cultural Geography Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
INGRID J. VISSEREN-HAMAKERS
Affiliation:
Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Department of Environmental Science & Policy, George Mason University, David King Hall, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
*
*Correspondence: Nowella Anyango-Van Zwieten e-mail: nowella.anyango@wur.nl
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

To address human–wildlife conflicts and the related threat of extinction of the African lion, in 2003, the Maasailand Preservation Trust established a fund at the Mbirikani Group Ranch in southern Kenya to provide monetary compensation for livestock killed by wildlife. In this paper, the policy arrangement approach (PAA) is used to analyse this arrangement as a form of payment for environmental services (PES). Although there has been a considerable reduction in the number of lions killed, the analysis reveals several limitations of this arrangement, including three main side effects, namely it has initiated a process that is difficult to sustain or reverse, created a new cycle of dependence and widened the gap between different groups in the community. In conclusion, the drawbacks of this type of compensation fund must be addressed by combining such arrangements with other public and private policies and initiatives. Careful examination and comparison of different kinds of experiments with PES-like arrangements are required to further build understanding of the potential and different contributions of public and private, market-based initiatives in biodiversity governance.

Keywords

Amboselicompensationhuman–wildlife conflictKenyalion conservationpayments for environmental servicespolicy arrangement approach
Type
Papers
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 42 , Issue 4: Thematic section: Tradable Rights in Conservation , December 2015 , pp. 363 - 372
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agarwala, M., Kumar, S., Treves, A. & Naughton-Treves, L. (2010) Paying for wolves in Solapur, India and Wisconsin, USA: comparing compensation rules and practice to understand the goals and politics of wolf conservation. Biological Conservation 143: 2945–2955.Google Scholar
Ahebwa, W.M., Van der Duim, V.R. & Sandbrook, C. (2012) Tourism revenue sharing policy at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: a policy arrangements approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 20: 377–394.Google Scholar
Amboseli Ecosystem Workshop (2009) The impact of the 2009 drought on wildlife, livestock and tourism in the Amboseli ecosystem: recommendations for prompt action and ecosystem restoration. Proceedings of the Amboseli Ecosystem Workshop 9 December 2009. Kenya Wildlife Service, Amboseli Conservation Program and African Conservation Centre, Nairobi, Kenya [www document]. URL http://www.conservationafrica.org/index.php/news/archives/105-the-impact-of-the-2009-drought-on-wildlife-livestock-and-tourism-recommendations-for-ecosystem-restoration.html Google Scholar
Arts, B. & Goverde, H. (2006) The governance capacity of (new) policy arrangements: a reflexive approach institutional dynamics. In: Environmental Governance. Institutional Dynamics in Environmental Governance, ed. Arts, B. & Leroy, P., pp. 69–92. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.Google Scholar
Arts, B. & Tatenhove, J. (2005) Policy and power: a conceptual framework between the ‘old’ and ‘new’ policy idioms. Policy Sciences 37: 339–56.Google Scholar
Arts, B., Leroy, P. & Van Tatenhove, J. (2006) Political modernisation and policy arrangements: a framework for understanding environmental policy change. Public Organisation Review 6: 93–106.Google Scholar
AWF-Kilimanjaro Heartlands (2011) Preliminary report on herding practices in Enduimet area Tanzania, 30 October 2011. Internal report. African Wildlife Foundation-Kilimanjaro Heartlands, Nairobi, Kenya.Google Scholar
Barnes, J., Burgess, J. & Pearce, D. (1992) Wildlife tourism. In: Economics for the Wilds: Wildlife, Wildlands, Diversity and Development, ed. Swanson, T.M. & Barbier, E., pp. 136–51. London, UK: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Brockington, D. & Duffy, R. (2010) Capitalism and conservation: the production and reproduction of biodiversity conservation. Antipode 42: 469–84.Google Scholar
Bulte, E.H. & Rondeau, D. (2005) Research and management viewpoint: why compensating wildlife damages may be bad for conservation. Journal of Wildlife Management 69: 14–19.Google Scholar
Büscher, B. (2012) Payments for ecosystem services as neoliberal conservation: (reinterpreting) evidence from the Maloti-Drakensberg, South Africa. Conservation and Society 10: 29–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickman, E. (2010) Complexities of conflict: the importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human–wildlife conflict. Animal Conservation 13: 458–466.Google Scholar
Dickman, E., Macdonald, A. & Macdonald, D. (2011) A review of financial instruments to pay for predator conservation and encourage human–carnivore coexistence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 108: 13937–13944.Google Scholar
Elliott, J. & Mwangi, M.M. (1998) Developing wildlife tourism in Laikipia, Kenya. Who benefits? Laikipia Wildlife Economics Study Discussion Paper CEC-DP3. African Wildlife Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya [www document]. URL http://www.awf.org/sites/default/files/media/Resources/Books%20and%20Papers/CEC-DP-3_wildlife_tourism.pdf Google Scholar
Galaty, J.G. (1982) Being ‘Maasai’; being ‘people-of-cattle’: ethnic shifters in East Africa. American Ethnologist 9: 1–20.Google Scholar
GoK Wildlife Act (2010) Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act Chapter 376 (1989, Rev. 2010). Government of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya [www document]. URL http://www.kws.org/export/sites/kws/info/publications/acts_policies/Wildlife_Consevation_and_Management_Act_1989.pdf Google Scholar
GoK Wildlife Bill (2010) The Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Amendment) Bill (Rev. 2010). Government of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya [www document]. URL http://www.kws.org/export/sites/kws/info/publications/acts_policies/Wildlife-Bill-2011.pdf Google Scholar
Hajer, M. & Versteeg, W. (2005) A decade of discourse analysis of environmental politics: achievements, challenges, perspectives. Journal of Environmental Policy Planning 7: 175–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hazzah, L.N., Mulder, M.B. & Frank, L. (2009) Lions and warriors: social factors underlying declining African lion populations and the effect of incentive-based management in Kenya. Biological Conservation 142: 2428–2437.Google Scholar
Hazzah, L., Dolrenry, S., Naughton, L., Edwards, C.T., Mwebi, O., Kierney, F. & Frank, L. (2014) Efficacy of two lion conservation programs in Maasailand, Kenya. Conservation Biology 28: 851–860.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenana, L. & Muteti, D. (2011) Large carnivore site meeting: Amboseli–West Kilimanjaro–Masai steppe cross border landscape. Report. Proceedings of the Amboseli Carnivore Conservation Meeting 29–30 June 2011. Kenya Wildlife Services, Nairobi, Kenya.Google Scholar
Kenana, L. & Mwinzi, C. (2010) An evaluation of the successes of the predator consolation scheme in Amboseli Ecosystem. Report. Kenya Wildlife Service and African Wildlife Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya.Google Scholar
KWS (2006) Memorandum of understanding on the provision of sustainable natural resource management in the Amboseli Ecosystem. Report. Kenya Wildlife Services, Nairobi, Kenya.Google Scholar
Lamers, M., Nthiga, R., Van der Duim, R. & Van Wijk, J. (2013) Tourism–conservation enterprises as a land-use strategy in Kenya. Tourism Geographies 16: 474–489.Google Scholar
Landell-Mills, N. & Porras, I.T. (2002) Silver bullet or fools’ gold? A global review of markets for forest environmental services and their impact on the poor, March. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London, UK [www document]. URL http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/9066IIED.pdf Google Scholar
Lange, E.K. (2010) Guarding lions. National Geographic Magazine [www document]. URL http://blogs.ngm.com/blog_central/2010/06/guarding-lions.html Google Scholar
Langlois, R.N. (1993) Orders and organizations: toward an Austrian theory of social institutions. In: Austrian Economics: Tensions and New Directions, ed. Caldwell, B. & Böhm, S., pp. 165–92. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.Google Scholar
Lee, E., Leimona, B., van Noordwijk, M., Agarwal, C., & Mahanty, S. (2007) Payments for environmental services: introduction to feasibility, supplier characteristics and poverty issues. Insight 2: 5–17.Google Scholar
Liefferink, D. (2006) The dynamics of policy arrangements: turning round the tetrahedron in institutional dynamics in environmental governance. In: Institutional Dynamics in Environmental Governance, ed. Arts, B. & Leroy, P., pp. 45–68. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.Google Scholar
MPT (2010 a) Mbirikani Predator Compensation Fund Agreement. Internal report. Maasailand Preservation Trust, Chyulu Hills, Kenya.Google Scholar
MPT (2010 b) Funding of MPT's Wildlife Protection Program. Internal report. Maasailand Preservation Trust, Chyulu Hills, Kenya.Google Scholar
McAfee, K. & Shapiro, E.N. (2010) Payments for ecosystem services in Mexico: nature, neoliberalism, social movements, and the State. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 100: 1–21.Google Scholar
Maclennan, S.D., Groom, R.J., Macdonald, D.W. & Frank, L.F. (2009) Evaluation of a compensation scheme to bring about pastoralist tolerance of lions. Biological Conservation 142: 2419–2427.Google Scholar
Mbirikani Group Ranch (2008) The constitution and rules of Mbirikani Group Ranch. Internal report. Maasailand Preservation Trust, Chyulu Hills, Kenya.Google Scholar
Milheiras, S. & Hodge, I. (2011) Attitudes towards compensation for wolf damage to livestock in Viana do Castelo, north of Portugal. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 24: 333–351.Google Scholar
Milne, S. & Niesten, E. (2009) Direct payments for biodiversity conservation in developing countries: practical insights for design and implementation. Oryx 43: 530–541.Google Scholar
Nelson, F., Foley, C., Foley, L.S., Leposo, A., Loure, E., Peterson, D., Peterson, M., Peterson, T., Sachedina, H. & Williams, A. (2009) Payments for ecosystem services as a framework for community-based conservation in northern Tanzania. Conservation Biology 24: 78–85.Google Scholar
Odongo, P. (2012) Death of lions a big loss, says Wekesa. Daily Nation 20 June 2012. Nairobi, Kenya [www document]. URL http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Outrage+as+morans+kill+six+lions+in+night+of+terror+/-/1056/1431868/-/h6kx2y/-/index.html%20 Google Scholar
Ogeto, M. (2007) Herding efficiency as a factor in the human-carnivore conflict in Kenya: a comparative study of the Laikipa and Mbirikani Group Ranches. MSc thesis. South Bank University, London, UK [www document]. URL http://www.lionconservation.org/Ogeto-Mwebi-Thesis.pdf Google Scholar
Ogra, M. & Badola, R. (2008) Compensating human–wildlife conflict in protected area communities: ground-level perspectives from Uttarakhand, India. Human Ecology 36: 717–729.Google Scholar
Patterson, B.D., Kasiki, S.M., Selempo, E. & Kays, R.W. (2004) Livestock predation by lions (Panthera leo) and other carnivores on ranches neighboring Tsavo National Parks, Kenya. Biological Conservation 119: 507–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redpath, S.M., Young, J., Evely, A., Adams, W.M., Sutherland, W.J., Whitehouse, A., Amar, A., Lambert, R.A., Linnell, J.D.C., Watt, A. & Gutierrez, R.J. (2013) Understanding and managing conservation conflicts. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 28: 100–109.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, S.L. (2007) Perceptions and attitudes of a Maasai community in southern Kenya regarding predator-damage compensation, wildlife conservation and the predators that prey on their livestock. Masters thesis. School for International Training, Brattleboro, VT, USA [www document]. URL http://www.lionconservation.org/Shari-Rodriguez-Thesis.pdf Google Scholar
Sindiga, I. (1984) Land and population problems in Kajiado and Narok, Kenya. African Studies Review 27: 23–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treves, A., Jurewicz, R., Naughton-Treves, L. & Wilcove, D.S. (2009) The price of tolerance: wolf damage payments after recovery. Biodiversity and Conservation 18: 4003–4021.Google Scholar
Van Tatenhove, J., Arts, B. & Leroy, R., eds (2000) Political Modernisation and the Environment: The Renewal of Environmental Policy Arrangements. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.Google Scholar
Visseren-Hamakers, I.J. (2013) Partnerships and sustainable development: the lessons learned from international biodiversity governance. Environmental Policy and Governance 23: 145–160.Google Scholar
Visseren-Hamakers, I.J., Leroy, P. & Glasbergen, P. (2012) Conservation partnerships and biodiversity governance: fulfilling governance functions through interaction. Sustainable Development 20: 264–275.Google Scholar
White, A. & Martin, A. (2002) Who owns the world's forests? Forest tenure and public forests in transition. Report. Forest Trends, Washington, DC, USA [www document]. URL http://www.forest-trends.org/documents/files/doc_159.pdf Google Scholar
Wunder, S. (2005) Payments for environmental services: some nuts and bolts. Occasional Paper No. 42. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor Barat, Indonesia: 24 pp.Google Scholar
Wunder, S. (2007) The efficiency of payments for environmental services in tropical conservation. Conservation Biology 21: 48–58.Google Scholar