Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T08:12:46.221Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Equity for Women and Marginalized Groups in Patriarchal Societies during Forest Landscape Restoration: The Controlling Influence of Tradition and Culture

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 June 2019

Jack Baynes Open the ORCID record for Jack Baynes [Opens in a new window] ,
John Herbohn ,
Nestor Gregorio ,
William Unsworth  and
Émilie Houde Tremblay
Jack Baynes*
Affiliation:
University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
John Herbohn
Affiliation:
University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
Nestor Gregorio
Affiliation:
University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
William Unsworth
Affiliation:
University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia New Britain Palm Oil Ltd, Ramu, Papua New Guinea
Émilie Houde Tremblay
Affiliation:
Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
*
Author for correspondence: Jack Baynes, Email: jbaynes@usc.edu.au
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

We explore the difficulty of achieving equity for women in two forest and livelihood restoration (FLR) pilot projects, one each in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and the Philippines. We use institutional bricolage as a framework to explain the context and background of stakeholders’ decision-making and the consequent impact on equity and benefit distribution. In the Philippines, material and institutional support was initially successful in assisting participants to establish small-scale tree plantations. A structured approach to institutional development has successfully evolved to meet the needs of women, even though corruption has re-emerged as a destabilizing influence. In PNG, despite success in establishing trees and crops, the participation of women was subjugated to traditional customs and norms that precluded them from engaging in land management decisions. The capacity-building and gender-equity principles of FLR consequently became compromised. We conclude that in some patriarchal societies achieving equity for women will be difficult and progress will be contingent on a detailed understanding of the effects of traditional customs and norms on participation and decision-making.

Keywords

forest landscape restorationcommunity forestrygender equityinstitutional bricolage
Type
Research Paper
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 46 , Issue 3: Thematic Section: Bringing Species and Ecosystems Together with Remote Sensing Tools to Develop New Biodiversity Metrics and Indicators , September 2019 , pp. 241 - 246
Copyright
© Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agarwal, B (2001) Participatory exclusions, community forestry and gender: an analysis for south Asia and a conceptual framework. World Development 29(10): 1623–1648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agarwal, B (2010) Does women’s proportional strength affect their participation: governing local forests in South Asia. World Development 38: 98–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agrawal, A, Gibson, CC (1999) Enchantment and disenchantment: the role of community in natural resources conservation. World Development 27(4): 629–649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aguilar, L (2013) Framework for Conducting Gender Responsive Analysis. International Union for Conservation of Nature Gender Office. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN [www document]. URL https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/framework_gender_analysis.pdf Google Scholar
Allen, M, Monson, M (2014) Land and conflict in Papua New Guinea: the role of land mediation. Security Challenges 10(2): 1–14.Google Scholar
Appanah, S (2016) Forest Landscape Restoration for Asia-Pacific Forests: A Synthesis, pp. 2–3. Rome, Italy: Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations [www document]. URL www.fao.org/3/a-i5412e.pdf.Google Scholar
Barnes, C, van Laerhoven, FL (2015) Making it last? Analysing the role of NGO interventions in the development of institutions for durable collective action in Indian community forestry. Environmental Science and Policy 53: 192–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baynes, J, Herbohn, J, Smith, C, Fisher, R, Bray, D (2015) Key factors which influence the success of community forestry in developing countries. Global Environmental Change 35: 226–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baynes, J, Herbohn, J, Dressler, W (2016) Power relationships: their effect on the governance of community forestry in the Philippines. Land Use Policy 54: 169–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baynes, J, Herbohn, J, Unsworth, W (2017) Reforesting the grasslands of Papua New Guinea: the importance of a family-based approach. Journal of Rural Studies 56: 124–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benjamin, EO, Oreoluwa, O, Buchenrieder, G (2018) Does an agroforestry scheme with payment for ecosystem services (PES) economically empower women in sub-Saharan Africa? Ecosystem Services 31: 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, TD (2013) Stability, security and development in Oceania: whose definitions? In: Politics, Development and Security in Oceania, eds. Hegarty, D, Tryon, D, pp. 99–126. Canberra, Australia: ANU Press.Google Scholar
Capie, D (2011) Small arms, violence and gender in Papua New Guinea: towards a research agenda. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 52(1): 42–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cleaver, F (2002) Reinventing institutions: bricolage and the social embeddedness of natural resource management. European Journal of Development Research 14(2): 11–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cleaver, F, de Koning, J (2015) Furthering critical institutionalism. International Journal of the Commons 9(1): 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demian, M (2014) Innovation in Papua New Guinea’s Village Courts: Exceeding Jurisdiction or Meeting Local Needs. Legal Innovation Part 1. In Brief 2014/24. State Society and Governance in Melanesia. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University.Google Scholar
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (2018) Enhanced national greening programme [www document]. URL www.denr.gov.ph/priority-programs/national-greening-program.html.Google Scholar
Erbaugh, JT, Oldekop, JA (2018) Forest landscape restoration for livelihoods and well-being. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 32: 76–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eves, R (2016) Alcohol, Gender and Violence in Bougainville. State, Society and Governance in Melanesia. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University.Google Scholar
Franzel, S, Scherr, SJ, Coe, R, Cooper, PJM, Place, F (2002) Methods for assessing agroforestry adoption potential. In: Trees on the Farm: Assessing the Adoption Potential of Agroforestry Practices in Africa, eds Franzel, S, Scherr, SJ, pp. 11–30. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilmore, D (2016) Forty Years of Community-Based Forestry: A Review of Its Effectiveness. Rome, Italy: Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations.Google Scholar
Goddard, L (2009) Substantial Justice: An Anthology of Village Courts in Papua New Guinea. New York, NY, USA: Bergahn Books.Google Scholar
Gregorio, NO, Herbohn, JL, Harrison, SR, Pasa, A, Fernandez, J, Tripoli, R, Polinar, B (2015) Evidence-based best practice community-based forest restoration in Biliran: integrating food security and livelihood improvements into watershed rehabilitation in the Philippines. In: Enhancing Food Security through Forest Landscape Restoration: Lessons from Burkina Faso, Brazil, Guatemala, Viet Nam, Ghana, Ethiopia and Philippines, eds Kumar, C, Begeladze, S, Calmon, M, Saint-Laurent, C pp. 177–217. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature.Google Scholar
Hitlin, S (2007) Time, self, and the curiously abstract concept of agency. Sociological Theory 25(2): 179–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Human Rights Watch (2015) Bashed Up: Family Violence in Papua New Guinea. URL www.hrw.org/report/2015/11/04/bashed/family-violence-papua-new-guinea.Google Scholar
Kabeer, N (2005) Gender equality and women’s empowerment: a critical analysis of the Third Millennium Goals. Gender and Development 13(1): 13–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobbail, AAR (2012) Local people attitudes towards community forestry practices: a case study of Kosti Province– Central Sudan. International Journal of Forestry Research 12: 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le, HD, Smith, C, Herbohn, JL (2014) What drives the success of reforestation projects in tropical developing countries? The case of the Philippines. Global Environmental Change 24: 334–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mai, YH, Mwangi, E, Wan, M (2011) Gender analysis in forestry research: looking back and thinking ahead. International Forestry Review 13(2): 245–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maryudi, A, Devkota, RR, Schusser, C, Yufanyi, C, Salla, M, Aurenhammer, H, Rotchanaphatharawit, R, Krott, M (2012) Back to basics: considerations in evaluating the outcomes of community forestry. Forest Policy and Economics 14: 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monson, R (2017) The politics of property: gender, land and political authority in Solomon Islands. In: Kastom Property and Ideology: Land Transformations in Melanesia, eds McDonnell, S, Allen, MG, Filer, C, pp. 383–404. Canberra, Australia: ANU Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naupa, A (2017) Making the invisible seen: putting women’s rights on Vanuatu’s land reform agenda. In: Kastom Property and Ideology: Land Transformations in Melanesia, eds McDonnell, S, Allen, MG, Filer, C, pp. 305–326. Canberra, Australia: ANU Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrom, E (2014) Do institutions for collective action evolve? Journal of Bioeconomics 16: 3–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papua New Guinea (2011) Vision 2050 [www document]. URL www.treasury.gov.pg/html/publications/files/pub_files/2011/2011.png.vision.2050.pdf.Google Scholar
Pelletier, J, Gélinas, N, Skutsch, M (2016) The place of community forest management in the REDD+ landscape. Forests 7: 170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pelletier, J, Horning, N, Laporte, N, Samndong, RA, Goetz, S (2018) Anticipating social equity impacts in REDD+ policy design: an example from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Land Use Policy 75: 102–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Persson, J, Prowse, M (2017) Collective action on forest governance: an institutional analysis of the Cambodian community forest system Forest Policy and Economics 83: 70–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philippine Statistics Authority (2013) Demography year book 2013 [www document]. URL https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2013%20PY_Demography.pdf.Google Scholar
Poteete, AR, Ostrom, E (2004) Heterogeneity, group size and collective action: the role of institutions in forest management. Development and Change 35: 435–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawal, DS, Agrawal, K (2016) Legal provisions for property acquisition by women in Nepal. In: Barriers to Women’s Land and Property Access and Ownership in Nepal, pp. 8–16. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Organisation for Migration.Google Scholar
Sabogal, C, Besacier, C, McGuire, D (2015) Forest and landscape restoration: concepts, approaches and challenges for implementation. Unasylva 66: 3–10.Google Scholar
Saito-Jensen, M, Rutt, RL, Chhetri, BBK (2014). Social and environmental tensions: affirmative measures under REDD+ carbon payment initiatives in Nepal. Human Ecology 42: 683–694.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayer, J, Sunderland, T, Ghazoul, J, Pfund, JL, Sheil, D, Meijaard, E, Venter, M, Boedhihartono, AK, Day, M, Garcia, C, van Oosten, C, Buck, LE (2013) Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110(21): 8349–8356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shrestha, S, Shrestha, UB (2017) Beyond money: does REDD+ payment enhance household’s participation in forest governance and management in Nepal’s community forests? Forest Policy and Economics 80: 63–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, RE (2017) From colonial exclusions to ‘intimate’ exclusions: contesting legal title and ‘chiefly title’ to and in Epi, Vanuatu. In: Kastom Property and Ideology: Land Transformations in Melanesia, eds McDonnell, S, Allen, MG, Filer, C, pp. 327–356. Canberra, Australia: ANU Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vázquez-García, V, Ortega-Ortega, T (2017) Gender, local governance and non-timber forest products. The use and management of Satureja macrostema in Oaxaca’s central valleys, Mexico. Women’s Studies International Forum 65: 47–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wangel, M, Blomkvist, H (2013) Rural forest management in Sierra Leone: the role of economics (in)equality in facilitating collective action. Journal of Development Studies 49: 1564–1568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yadav, BD, Bigsby, H, MacDonald, I (2015) How can poor and disadvantaged households get an opportunity to become a leader in community forestry in Nepal? Forest Policy and Economics 52: 27–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar