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Evaluating sustainability of fisheries bycatch mortality for marine megafauna: a review of conservation reference points for data-limited populations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 May 2013

J. E. MOORE ,
K. A. CURTIS ,
R. L. LEWISON ,
P. W. DILLINGHAM ,
J. M. COPE ,
S. V. FORDHAM ,
S. S. HEPPELL ,
S. A. PARDO ,
C. A. SIMPFENDORFER  and
G. N. TUCK
...Show all authors
J. E. MOORE*
Affiliation:
Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
K. A. CURTIS
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Acadia University, 33 Westwood Avenue, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, CanadaB4P 2R6
R. L. LEWISON
Affiliation:
Biology Dept, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Road, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
P. W. DILLINGHAM
Affiliation:
George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA, and School of Science and Technology, The University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
J. M. COPE
Affiliation:
Fishery Resource Analysis and Monitoring Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
S. V. FORDHAM
Affiliation:
Shark Advocates International, c/o The Ocean Foundation, 1990 M Street, NW; Suite 250, Washington, DC 20036, USA
S. S. HEPPELL
Affiliation:
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
S. A. PARDO
Affiliation:
Earth to Ocean Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, CanadaV5A 1S6
C. A. SIMPFENDORFER
Affiliation:
Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture and School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
G. N. TUCK
Affiliation:
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, and Wealth from Oceans Flagship, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
S. ZHOU
Affiliation:
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, and Wealth from Oceans Flagship, PO Box 2583, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
*
*Correspondence: Dr Jeff Moore Tel: +1 858 546 7161 e-mail: jeff.e.moore@noaa.gov
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Summary

Fisheries bycatch threatens populations of marine megafauna such as marine mammals, turtles, seabirds, sharks and rays, but fisheries impacts on non-target populations are often difficult to assess due to factors such as data limitation, poorly defined management objectives and lack of quantitative bycatch reduction targets. Limit reference points can be used to address these issues and thereby facilitate adoption and implementation of mitigation efforts. Reference points based on catch data and life history analysis can identify sustainability limits for bycatch with respect to defined population goals even when data are quite limited. This can expedite assessments for large numbers of species and enable prioritization of management actions based on mitigation urgency and efficacy. This paper reviews limit reference point estimators for marine megafauna bycatch, with the aim of highlighting their utility in fisheries management and promoting best practices for use. Different estimators share a common basic structure that can be flexibly applied to different contexts depending on species life history and available data types. Information on demographic vital rates and abundance is required; of these, abundance is the most data-dependent and thus most limiting factor for application. There are different approaches for handling management risk stemming from uncertainty in reference point and bycatch estimates. Risk tolerance can be incorporated explicitly into the reference point estimator itself, or probability distributions may be used to describe uncertainties in bycatch and reference point estimates, and risk tolerance may guide how those are factored into the management process. Either approach requires simulation-based performance testing such as management strategy evaluation to ensure that management objectives can be achieved. Factoring potential sources of bias into such evaluations is critical. This paper reviews the technical, operational, and political challenges to widespread application of reference points for management of marine megafauna bycatch, while emphasizing the importance of developing assessment frameworks that can facilitate sustainable fishing practices.

Keywords

bycatchmanagement strategy evaluationmarine megafaunareference pointsriskuncertainty
Type
THEMATIC SECTION: Politics, Science and Policy of Reference Points for Resource Management
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 40 , Issue 4 , December 2013 , pp. 329 - 344
Creative Commons
This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States.
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2013

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