Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T21:39:00.324Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Optimization of net returns from wildlife consumptive and non-consumptive uses by game reserve management

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 September 2015

EMMANUEL MWAKIWA ,
JOHN W. HEARNE ,
JOHANNES D. STIGTER ,
WILLEM F. DE BOER ,
MICHELLE HENLEY ,
ROB SLOTOW ,
FRANK VAN LANGEVELDE ,
MIKE PEEL ,
CORNELIA C. GRANT  and
HERBERT H.T. PRINS
EMMANUEL MWAKIWA*
Affiliation:
Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
JOHN W. HEARNE
Affiliation:
School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
JOHANNES D. STIGTER
Affiliation:
Biometris, Wageningen University, PO Box 100, 6700 AC Wageningen, The Netherlands
WILLEM F. DE BOER
Affiliation:
Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
MICHELLE HENLEY
Affiliation:
Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystem Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X5, Florida 1710, South Africa
ROB SLOTOW
Affiliation:
School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
FRANK VAN LANGEVELDE
Affiliation:
Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
MIKE PEEL
Affiliation:
Agricultural Research Council, Range and Forage Institute, PO Box 13504, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa
CORNELIA C. GRANT
Affiliation:
Scientific Services, Kruger National Park, Private Bag X402, Skukuza 1350, South Africa
HERBERT H.T. PRINS
Affiliation:
Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
*
*Correspondence: Emmanuel Mwakiwa, Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe Tel: +263 772 414 303 e-mail: emmanuelmakiwa@yahoo.co.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Landowners and game reserve managers are often faced with the decision whether to undertake consumptive (such as hunting) and/or non-consumptive (such as tourism) use of wildlife resources on their properties. Here a theoretical model was used to examine cases where the game reserve management allocated the amount of land devoted to hunting (trophy hunting) and tourism, based on three scenarios: (1) hunting is separated from tourism but wildlife is shared; (2) hunting and tourism co-exist; and (3) hunting and tourism are separated by a fence. The consumptive and non-consumptive uses are not mutually exclusive; careful planning is needed to ensure that multiple management objectives can be met. Further, the analysis indicates that the two uses may be undertaken in the same area. Whether they are spatially, or temporally separated depends on the magnitude of the consumptive use. When consumptive use is not dominant, the two are compatible in the same shared area, provided the wildlife population is sufficiently large.

Keywords

huntingland managementland useSouth Africatourismwildlife economics
Type
Papers
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 43 , Issue 2 , June 2016 , pp. 128 - 139
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABSA (2003) Game Ranch Profitability in Southern Africa. Rivonia, South Africa: Amalgamated Banks of South Africa.Google Scholar
Aylward, B. (2003) The actual and potential contribution of nature tourism in Zululand, considerations for development, equity and conservation. In: Nature Tourism, Conservation and Development in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, ed. Aylward, B. & Lutz, E., pp. 1–40. Washington, DC, USA: The World Bank.Google Scholar
APNR (2005) Memorandum to the Hon Minister of Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism on Hunting in the Associated Private Nature Reserves Adjoining the Kruger National Park. Report compiled by the Associated Private Nature Reserves, Hoesdspuit, South Africa.Google Scholar
Baldus, R.D., Damm, G.R. & Wollscheid, K. (2008) Best Practices in Sustainable Hunting. A Guide to Best Practices from Around the World. Budakeszi, Hungary: International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation.Google Scholar
Barnes, J.I. (1996) Changes in the economic use value of elephant in Botswana: the effect of international trade prohibition. Ecological Economics 18: 215–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, R. & Patterson, C. (2006) Sport Hunting in the Southern African Development Community (SADC): an Overview. TRAFFIC, Southern Africa.Google Scholar
Bulte, E.H. & van Kooten, G.C. (1999) Economic efficiency, resource conservation and the ivory trade ban. Ecological Economics 28: 171–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, T., Page, B., van Dyk, G., Millspaugh, J. & Slotow, R. (2008) Risk and ethical concerns of hunting male elephant: behavioural and physiological assays of the remaining elephants. PLOS One 3: 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Child, G. (2000) ‘Ownership’ of widlife. In: Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use, ed. Prins, H.H.T., Grootenhuis, J.G. & Dolan, T.T., pp. 247–266. Boston, CT, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, C.W. (2005) Mathematical Bio-economics: the Optimal Management of Renewable Resources. New Jersey, USA: Wiley Interscience.Google Scholar
Clark, C.W. & Munro, G.R. (1975) The economics of fishing and modern capital theory: a simplified approach. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 2: 92–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conrad, J.M. & Clark, C.W. (1987) Natural Resource Economics. Notes and Problems. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Boer, W.F., Stigter, J.D. & Ntumi, C.P. (2007) Optimising investments from elephant tourist revenues in the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique. Journal for Nature Conservation 15: 225–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eagles, P.F.J. (2001) International trends in park tourism. Europarc, Austria [www document]. URL http://afc.uwaterloo.ca/~eagles/documents/International%20Trends%20Europarc%20Version.doc.pdf Google Scholar
Fisher, J. R., & Dills, B. (2012) Do private conservation activities match science-based conservation priorities? PloS One 7 (9): e46429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleming, C.M. & Alexander, R.R. (2003) Single-species versus multiple-species models: the economic implications. Ecological Modelling 17: 203–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hearne, J. & McKenzie, M. (2000), Compelling reasons for game ranching in Maputaland. In: Wildlife conservation by sustainable use, ed. Prins, H.H.T., Grootenhuis, J.G. & Dolan, T.T., pp. 417–438. Boston, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hearne, J.W., Korrûbel, J.L. & Koch, K.J. (2000) Modelling to optimise consumptive use of game. Annals of Operations Research 95: 269–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huffaker, R.G. (1993) Optimal management of game and forage resources in a private fee-hunting enterprise. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75: 696–710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kettles, R. & Slotow, R. (2009) Management of free-ranging lions on an enclosed game reserve. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 39: 23–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinyua, P.I.D., van Kooten, G.C. & Bulte, E.H. (2000) African wildlife policy: protecting wildlife herbivores on private game ranches. European Review of Agricultural Economics 27: 227–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, A. T., Grantham, H. S., Smith, R. J., McGregor, G. K., Possingham, H. P., & Cowling, R. M. (2011) Land managers’ willingness-to-sell defines conservation opportunity for protected area expansion. Biological Conservation 144 (11): 2623–2630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krug, W. (2001) Private supply of protected land in Southern Africa: a review of markets, barriers and issues; organization for economic cooperation and development. World Bank/OECD international workshop report on market creation for biodiversity products and services, Paris, France.Google Scholar
Langholz, J.A. & Kerley, G.I.H. (2006) Combining conservation and development on private lands: an assessment of ecotourism-based private game reserves in the Eastern Cape. Report. Center for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa.Google Scholar
Leader-Williams, N. & Hutton, J.M. (2005) Does extractive use offset conflicts between people and wildlife? In: People and Wildlife: Conflict or Co-exisitence, ed. Woodroffe, R., Thirgood, S.J. & Rabinowitz, A., pp. 140–161. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindberg, K. James, B. & Goodman, P. (2003) Tourism's contribution to conservation in Zululand: an ecological survey of private reserves and public protected areas. In: Nature Tourism, Conservation and Development in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, ed. Aylward, B. & Lutz, E., pp. 201–244. Washington, USA: The World Bank.Google Scholar
Lindsey, P.A., Alexander, R., Mills, M.G.L., Romanach, S. & Woodroffe, R. (2007) Wildlife viewing preferences of visitors to protected areas in South Africa: implications for the role of ecotourism in conservation. Journal of Ecotourism 6: 19–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lötter, H.P.P., Henley, M., Fakir, S., Pickover, M. & Ramose, M. (2008) Ethical considerations in elephant management. In: Assessment of South African Elephant Management, ed. Scholes, R.J. & K.G, , pp. 307–338. Johannesburg, South Africa: Witwatersrand University Press.Google Scholar
Meletis, Z.A. & Campbell, L.M. (2007) Call it consumption! Re-conceptualizing ecotourism as consumption and consumptive. Geography Compass 1 (4): 850–870.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munro, G.R. (1990) The optimal management of transboundary fisheries: game theoretic considerations. Natural Resource Modelling 4: 403–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Novelli, M., Barnes, J.I. & Humavindu, M. (2006) The other side of the ecotourism coin: consumptive tourism in Southern Africa. Journal of Ecotourism 5: 62–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okello, M.M., Manka, S.G. & D'Amour, D.E. (2008) The relative importance of large mammal species for tourism in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. Tourism Management 29: 751–760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pasquini, L., Cowling, R. M., Twyman, C. & Wainwright, J. (2010) Devising appropriate policies and instruments in support of private conservation areas: lessons learned from the Klein Karoo, South Africa. Conservation Biology 24 (2): 470–478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paloniemi, R. & Tikka, P. M. (2008) Ecological and social aspects of biodiversity conservation on private lands. Environmental Science and Policy 11 (4): 336–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, C. & Khosa, P. (2005) A status quo study on the professional and recreational hunting industry in South Africa. Report prepared for the Panel of Experts appointed by the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria, South Africa [www document]. URL http://www.africahunting.com/hunting-africa/3047-study-professional-recreationalhunting-industry-south-africa.html Google Scholar
Peterson, M.N. (2004) An approach for demonstrating the social legitimacy of hunting. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32: 310–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pomerantz, G.A., Decker, D.J., Goff, G.R. & Purdy, K.G. (1988) Assessing impact of recreation on wildlife: a classification scheme. Wildlife Society Bulletin 16 (1): 58–62.Google Scholar
Reimers, E., Loe, L.E., Eftestøl, S., Colman, J.E. & Dahle, B. (2009) Effects of hunting on response behaviors of wild reindeer. The Journal of Wildlife Management 73: 844–851.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanchirico, J.N. & Wilen, J.E. (1999) Bioeconomics of spatial exploitation in a patchy environment. Journal for Environmental Economic Management 37: 129–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulz, C. & Skonhoft, A. (1996) Wildlife management, land-use and conflicts. Environmental and Development Economics 1: 265–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vial, C. (1996) Levels of expectation, requirements and satisfaction of visitors viewing wildlife at Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. Terrestrial Ecology Research Unit Report 6, Terrestrial Ecology Research Unit, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.Google Scholar
Wallace, G. N., Theobald, D. M., Ernst, T. & King, K. (2008) Assessing the ecological and social benefits of private land conservation in Colorado. Conservation Biology 22 (2): 284–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watkins, C.W., Barret, A.M., Smith, R. & Paine, J.R. (1996) Private protected areas: a preliminary study of private initiatives to conserve biodiversity in selected African countries. Report prepared by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
WWF (2001) CAMPFIRE the accountability game: rules to the Game. Report. WWF-Southern Africa Regional Programme Office (SARPO), Harare, Zimbabwe.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Mwakiwa supplementary material

Mwakiwa supplementary material 1

Download Mwakiwa supplementary material(File)
File 33.7 KB