Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T02:17:02.489Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Photochemical Air-pollutants—a Threat to Mediterranean Coniferous Forests and Upland Ecosystems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

Z. Naveh ,
E. H. Steinberger ,
S. Chaim  and
A. Rotmann
Z. Naveh
Affiliation:
Associate Professor in Ecology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
E. H. Steinberger
Affiliation:
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
S. Chaim
Affiliation:
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
A. Rotmann
Affiliation:
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Photochemical smog in the densely-populated coastal region of Israel often results in temporary atmospheric ozone concentrations in excess of 0.1 ppm. In view of the rapid growth in urban—industrial development, energy consumption, and motorized traffic, these concentrations are increasing from year to year and the same is presumably true for other Mediterranean countries suffering similar conditions.

Moreover, as in California, these photochemical air pollutants can be transported inland under suitable meteorological conditions and may lead to ozone concentrations well above 0.05 ppm even in remote mountain regions with forested slopes. This is the case in the Shaar Hagai canyon leading to Jerusalem, where more than 0.2 ppm oxidant concentrations have been measured and where widespread decline and mortality of Pinus hale-pensis is occuring, accompanied by severe infestation by Matsucoccus josephi scales and Scolytidae beetles. Earlier stages of this decline can also be observed in other planted pine forests in Israel.

Type
Main Papers
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 7 , Issue 4 , Winter 1980 , pp. 301 - 309
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 1980

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Atkins, D. H. F., Cox, R. A. & Eggelton, A. E. Y. (1972). Photochemical ozone and sulphuric acid aerosol formation in the atmosphere over southern England. Nature (London), 235, pp. 372–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, J. N. B. & Cox, R. A. (1978). Atmospheric ozone and plant damage in the United Kingdom. Environmental Pollution, 8, pp. 163–70.Google Scholar
Bell, J. N. B. & Mudd, C. H. (1976). Sulphur dioxide resistance in plants: A case-study of Lolium perenne. Pp. 87–103 in Effects of Air Pollutants on Plants (Ed. Mansfield, T. A.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK: 209 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Chaim, S., Naveh, Z. & Donagi, A. (1973). The effect of phytotoxic concentrations of air pollutants on sensitive plants in the Haifa Bay. Proc. 4th Sci. Conf. of Israel Ecological Soc., ii, B. pp. 101–25, illustr.Google Scholar
Cobb, F. W. Jr, & Stark, R. W. (1970). Decline and mortality of smog-injured Ponderosa Pine. J. Forestry, 68, pp. 147–9.Google Scholar
Cobb, F. W. Jr, Wood, D. L., Stark, R. W. & Parmeter, J. R. Jr, (1968). Photochemical oxidant injury and bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) infestation of Ponderosa Pine. Hilgardia, 39, pp. 121–52.Google Scholar
Coffey, P. E. & Stasiuk, W. N. Jr, (1975). Evidence of atmospheric transport of ozone into urban areas. Environmental Sci. Tech., 8, pp. 59–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlsten, D. L. (1978). The role of bark beetles in oxidant-stressed forests. Workshop Proc., Statewide Air Pollution Center, Univ. of Calif., Riverside, California: p. 15.Google Scholar
Dochinger, L. W. & Heck, W. W. (1969). An ozone-sulphur dioxide synergism produces symptoms of chlorotic dwarf disease of Eastern White Pine. Phytopathology, 59, p. 399.Google Scholar
Edinger, J. G. (1963). Modification of the marine layer over coastal Southern California. J. Applied Meteorology, 2, pp. 706–12.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, L. S. & Miller, P. R. (1972). Ozone damage to Ponderosa Pine—a histological and histochemical appraisal. Am. J. Botany, 59, pp. 297–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gale, J. & Easton, J. (1975). Rapid deterioration of the pine forests in the Abu-Gosh; possible involvement of air pollution from motor vehicles. Pp. 64–72 in Proc. 6th Sci. Conf. of Israel Ecological Soc., Tel Aviv: ix + 464 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Ganor, E., Steinberger, E. H. & Donagi, A. (1977). Comparison of ozone concentrations in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Pp. 230–41 in Proc. 8th Sci. Conf. of Israel Ecological Soc., 358 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Halevy, G. & Steinberger, E. H. (1974). Inland comparison of ozone concentrations in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Proc. 8th Sci. Conf. of Israel Ecological Soc., 23, pp. 47–54.Google Scholar
Halperin, J. (1975). Injury caused by Matsucoccus Josephi to Aleppo Pine over 10 years old and the decline of the Shaar Hagai forest. Special Bulletin 50, Agric. Research Org., Volcani Ctr., Bet Dagan, Israel, pp. 1–27.Google Scholar
Harward, M. & Treshow, M. (1975). Impact of ozone on the growth and reproduction of understorey plants in the aspen zone of western U.S.A. Environmental Conservation, 2 (1), pp. 17–23, 3 figs.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heck, W. W. (1973). Air pollution and the future of agricultural production. Pp. 118–29 in Advances in Chemistry (Ed. J. A. Naegele), Ser. 122, xiii + 137 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoggan, M., Davidson, A. & Brunelle, M. (1978). South Coast Air Quality Management District, El Monte, California, Report 5 [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Huffaker, C. B., Messenger, P. S. & DeBach, P. (1971). The natural enemy component in natural control and the theory of biological control. In Biological Control (Ed. Huffaker, C. B.). Plenum Press, New York, NY: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Luck, R. F. & Dahlsten, D. L. (1975). Natural decline of a Pine-needle Scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae [Fitsch]), outbreak at South Lake Tahoe, Calif, following cessation of adult mosquito control with Malathion. Ecology, 56, pp. 893–904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McBride, J. R., Dahlsten, D. L. & Cobb, F. W. (1977). Impact of ambient oxidant pollutant on the mixed forest ecosystem. Ann. Rep. of Pest Damage Inventory Comm. 1976–77, University of California, Berkeley, pp. 1–9.Google Scholar
Miller, P. R. & McBride, J. R. (1975). Effects of air pollutants on forests. Pp. 196–236 in Responses of Plants to Air Pollutants (Ed. Mudd, J. B. & Kozlowski, T. T.). Academic Press, New York, NY: xi + 383 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Miller, P. R., Parmeter, J. R. Jr, Taylor, O. C. & Cardiff, E. A. (1963). Ozone injury to the foliage of Ponderosa Pine. Phytopathology, 53, pp. 1072–6.Google Scholar
Naveh, Z. (1967). Mediterranean ecosystems and vegetation types in California and Israel. Ecology, 48, pp. 445–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naveh, Z. (1978). The role of landscape ecology in development. Environmental Conservation, 5(1), pp. 57–63, 6 figs.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naveh, Z. & Dan, J., (1973). The human degradation of Mediterranean landscapes in Israel. Pp. 373–90 in Mediterranean Type Ecosystems, Origin and Structure (Ed. di Castri, F. & Mooney, H. A.). Springer Verlag, New York, NY: xii + 405 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naveh, Z. & Ben-Ezra, A. (1977). The rehabilitation of mountainous Mediterranean landscapes by multi-purpose environmental afforestation. LaYaaran, 26, pp. 27–32; 27, pp. 29–36. In Hebrew with English summary.Google Scholar
Naveh, Z., Chaim, S. & Steinberger, E. H. (1978). Atmospheric oxidant concentrations in Israel as manifested by foliar injury in Bel-W3 tobacco plants. Environmental Pollution, 16, pp. 249–62, illustr.Google Scholar
Naveh, Z., Steinberger, E. H. & Chaim, S. (1979). The use of bio-indicators for monitoring of air pollution by ozone, fluor and SO2. Pp. 21–47 in Satellite Program in Statistical Ecology (Ed. Patil, G. P.), Vol. 11-Environmental biomonitoring assessment, prediction, and management. International Publ. House, Washington DC, pp. 21–47.Google Scholar
Pronos, J., Vogler, D. R. & Smith, R. S. Jr, (1978). An evaluation of ozone injury to pines in the Southern Sierra Nevada. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 5, San Francisco, California: Report No. 78–1, iii + 17 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Report of Shaar Hagai Research Team (1975). La Yaaran, 25, p. 35.Google Scholar
Smidt, S. (1978). Die Wirkung von photochemischen Oxy-dantien auf Waldbaume. Zeitschrift fuer Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 85, pp. 689–702.Google Scholar
Steinberger, E. H. (1979). Transport of ozone from greater Tel Aviv into Jerusalem. Proc. 10th Sci. Conf. Israel Ecol. Soc., pp. 45–56.Google Scholar
Steinberger, E. H. & Balmor, Y. (1973). Photochemical ozone formation over Southern England. Nature (London), 241, pp. 341–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomaselli, R. (1977). Degradation of the Mediterranean maquis. Mediterranean Forests and Maquis: Ecology, Conservation and Management. MAB Technical Notes 2, UNESCO, Paris, pp. 33–72.Google Scholar
Treshow, M. & Stewart, D. (1973). Ozone sensitivity of plants in natural communities. Biological Conservation, 5 (3), pp. 209–14, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westman, W. (1979). Oxidant effects on Californian coastal sage scrub. Science, 205, pp. 1101–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, D. L. (1973). The impact of photochemical air pollution on the mixed conifer forest ecosystem—arthropods. In Oxidant Air Pollutant Effects on a Western Coniferous Forest Ecosystem, Historical Background and Proposed Systems Study of the San Bernadino Mountain Area. Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, University of California, Riverside [not available for checking].Google Scholar