Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T15:01:03.842Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of defocused CO2 laser on equine skin, subcutis and fetlock joint temperature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Anna Bergh ,
Görel Nyman ,
Thomas Lundeberg  and
Stig Drevemo
Anna Bergh*
Affiliation:
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
Görel Nyman
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Thomas Lundeberg
Affiliation:
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Stig Drevemo
Affiliation:
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
*
*Anna.Bergh@afys.slu.se
Get access

Abstract

Despite the increasing use of lasers in the rehabilitation of horses, the biophysical action of the laser is not clearly defined. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a defocused CO2 laser on the temperature of the skin, subcutis and fetlock joint in standing and anaesthetized horses. A cross-over design comprising 10 standing horses was used. Consecutive irradiation (91 J cm−2) was applied to each of the three aspects of the front fetlock joint of these animals. In 12 anaesthetized horses (eight laser-treated and four control), irradiation (137 J cm−1) was applied to the dorsal side of the joint. In the standing group, skin temperature increased on average by 5.3°C to 34.8±1.5° (P<0.05) and the subcutis temperature increased by 5.7°C to a mean temperature of 36.0±0.9°C during laser treatment. There was no difference in joint temperature between laser-treated and control horses. Similar results were obtained in anaesthetized horses. Treatment with a defocused CO2 laser caused a significant increase in the temperature of the skin and subcutis, but not in the joint cavity. Further studies are needed to investigate if the increase in temperature influences perfusion and modulation of pain, as a result of defocused CO2 laser treatment.

Keywords

defocused CO2 laserhorseslaser therapythermal effectrehabilitation
Type
Research paper
Information
Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology , Volume 2 , Issue 1 , February 2005 , pp. 61 - 69
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Galetti, G (1991) Low-energy density CO2 laser as deep stimulator: a comparative study. Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine and Surgery 9 179–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2Giavelli, S, Fava, G, Castronuovo, G, Spinoglio, L and Galanti, A (1998). Low level laser therapy in geriatric osteoarticular disorders. La Radiologia Medica 95: 303–309.Google Scholar
3Nivbrant, B, Friberg, S (1992). Laser treatment of knee joint arthrosis seems to be effective but scientific evidence is lacking. Läkartidningen 89: 859–861.Google ScholarPubMed
4Kaneps, AJ, Hultgren, BD, Riebold, TW and Shires, GMH (1984). Laser therapy in the horse: histopathologic response. American Journal of Veterinary Research 3: 581–582.Google Scholar
5Lindholm, AC, Swensson, U, Mitri, NDE and Collinder, E (2002). Clinical effects of betamethasone and hyaluronan, and of defocalized carbon dioxide laser treatment on traumatic arthritis in the fetlock joints of horses. Journal of Veterinary Medicine A 49: 1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Bhatta, N (1994). Comparative study of different laser systems. Fertility and Sterility 61: 581–591.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Thomsen, S (1991). Pathological analysis of photothermal and photomechanical effects of laser-tissue interactions. Photochemistry and Photobiology 53 825–835.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Baker, KG, Robertson, VJ, Duck, FA (2001). A review of therapeutic ultrasound: biophysical effects. Physical Therapy 7: 1351–1358CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9Delisa, JA (1983) Practical use of therapeutic physical modalities. American Family Physician 5 129–138.Google Scholar
10Kaneps, AJ (2002) Thermal response to superficial hot and cold therapy in a horse In: Millis, D and Levine, D (eds) Proceedings: 2nd International Symposium on Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy in Veterinary Medicine Knoxville, TN, USA p. 209.Google Scholar
11Worster, AA, Gaughan, EM and Hoskinson, J (2001). Effects of external thermal manipulation on laminar temperature and perfusion of the equine digit. In: Proceedings: 47th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, pp. 329–333.Google Scholar
12Nannemann, D (1991). Thermal modalities: heat and cold. AAOHN Journal 39: 70–75.Google Scholar
13Wright, A and Sluka, KA (2001) Nonpharmacological treatments for musculoskeletal pain. Clinical Journal of Pain 17: 33–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Stashak, TS (1987). Methods of therapy. In: Stashak, TS (ed.,) Adams' Lameness in Horses 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger 840–877.Google Scholar
15Minor, MA, Sanford, MK (1993) Physical interventions in the management of pain in arthritis. Arthritis Care and Research 6 197–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Lehmann, JF (1990) Therapeutic Heat and Cold, 4th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
17Draper, DO, Sunderland, S, Kirkendall, DT, Ricard, M (1993) A comparison of temperature rise in human calf muscles following applications of underwater and topical gel ultrasound. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 17: 247–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Draper, DO, Castel, JC, Castel, D (1995). Rate of temperature increase in human muscle during 1 MHz and 3 MHz continuous ultrasound. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 22: 142–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Moritz, AR, Henriques, FC (1947) Studies on thermal injury. II. The relative importance of time and surface temperature in the causation of cutaneous burns. American Journal of Pathology 23: 695–720.Google ScholarPubMed
20Weinberger, A, Fadilah, R, Lev, A and Pinkhas, J (1989). Intra-articular temperature measurements after superficial heating.Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 21: 55–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Oosterveld, FGJ and Rasker, JJ (1994). Treating arthritis with locally applied heat or cold. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 24: 82–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Oosterveld, FGJ and Rasker, JJ (1994). Effects of local heat and cold treatment on surface and articular temperature of arthritic knees. Arthritis and Rheumatism 37: 1578–1582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Weinberger, A, Fadilah, R, Lev, A, Levi, A and Pinkhas, J (1988). Deep heat in the treatment of inflammatory joint disease. Medical Hypotheses 25: 231–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Sluka, KA, Christy, MR, Peterson, WL, Rudd, SL and Troy, SM (1999) Reduction of pain-related behaviors with either cold or heat treatment in an animal model of acute arthritis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 80: 313–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Merritt, JL, Hunder, GG and Reiman, HM (1983) Intra-articular temperature: technique and reliability in an animal model. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 64: 113–116.Google ScholarPubMed
26Edner, A, Nyman, G and Essén-Gustavsson, B (2002). The relationship of muscle perfusion and metabolism with cardiovascular variables before and after detomidine injection during propofol–ketamine anaesthesia in the horse. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 29: 182–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Edner, A, Nyman, G and Essén-Gustavsson, B. The haemodynamic effects of spontaneous and mechanical ventilation. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia (in press).Google Scholar
28Schindl, A, Schindl, M, Pernerstorfer-Schön, H, Schindl, L (2000). Low-intensity laser therapy: a review. Journal of Investigative Medicine 48: 312–326.Google ScholarPubMed
29Kameya, T, Yamaoka, S (1968) Effect on atmospheric conditions on skin temperature in horses. Experimental Reports Equine Health Laboratory 5: 1–12.Google Scholar
30Webbon, PM (1978). Limb skin thermometry in racehorses Equine Veterinary Journal 10: 180–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Palmer, S (1983). Effect of ambient temperature upon the surface temperature of the equine limb. American Journal of Veterinary Research 44: 1098–1101.Google ScholarPubMed
32Taylor, PM and Young, SS (1993). Does the induction agent affect the course of halothane anaesthesia in horses? Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesiology 20: 84–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33Turner, TA, Wolfsdorf, K and Jourdenais, J (1991). Effects of heat, cold, biomagnets, and ultrasound on skin circulation in the horse. In: Proceedings: 37th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, pp. 249–257.Google Scholar
34Levine, D and Millis, D (2001). Effects of 3.3-MHz ultrasound on caudal thigh muscle temperature in dogs. Veterinary Surgery 2: 170–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35Munce, TA and Kenney, WL (2003). Age-specific modification of local cutaneous vasodilation by capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents. Journal of Applied Physiology 95: 1016–1024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Schmelz, M, Michael, M, Weider, C, Schmidt, R, Torebjörk, HE and Handwerker, HO (2000). Which nerve fibers mediate the axon reflex flare in human skin? Neuroreport 11: 645–648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Minson, CT, Berry, LT and Joyner, MJ (2001). Nitric oxide and neurally mediated regulation of skin blood flow during local heating. Journal of Applied Physiology 91: 1619–1626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Gee, MD, Lynn, B and Cotsell, B (1997). The relationship between cutaneous C fibre type and antidromic vasodilatation in the rabbit and the rat. Journal of Physiology 503: 31–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Kellogg, DL Jr, Pergola, PE, Piest, KL, Kosiba, WA, Crandall, CG, Grossmann, M (1995). Cutaneous active vasodilation in humans is mediated by cholinergic nerve cotransmission. Circulation Research 77: 1222–1228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Steiss, JE and Adams, CC (1999). Effect of coat on rate of temperature increase in muscle during ultrasound treatment of dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 60: 76–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed