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Flint Daggers, Copper Daggers, and Technological Innovation in Late Neolithic Scandinavia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2017

Catherine J. Frieman
Catherine J. Frieman*
Affiliation:
School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Abstract

This article seeks to clarify the reason for the flourishing of daggers during the first millennia of metal use in Europe. Flint daggers, usually characterized as direct copies of contemporary metal blades, circulated widely from around 4000 cal BC to 1500 cal BC in different parts of Europe. Among the best studied and most well-known flint dagger varieties are the early second millennium cal BC fishtail-handled varieties made in southern Scandinavia which are universally described as skeuomorphs of Central European metal-hilted daggers. In this paper, their putative skeuomorphism is re-evaluated through a close technological and contextual analysis, and a new way of conceiving of the relationship between fishtail flint daggers and metal-hilted daggers is proposed. Like most of the other widely circulating flint dagger types in Neolithic Europe, fishtail and metal-hilted daggers are produced through the application of specialized/standardized production processes and demonstrate a desire to cultivate special and perhaps circumscribed technologies on the part of the people who made and used them. This shared technological background is identified as the root of the ‘dagger idea’ which emerges in Europe at this period. Daggers, in any material, are identified as ‘boundary objects’ – things which bridge social boundaries, allowing people with different backgrounds to recognize similar values and ways of life in each other's cultures and which, consequently, facilitate communication and exchange, in this case of metal and of the technological concepts which were part of its adoption.

Cet article essaie de clarifier les raisons de l'apogée des poignards pendant le premier millénaire de l'utilisation du métal en Europe. Des poignards en silex, habituellement désignés comme copies immédiates de lames en métal contemporaines, étaient largement répandus dans différentes régions européennes autour de 4000 à 1500 cal BC. Parmi les types de poignards en silex les mieux étudiés et réputés figurent les variétés avec poignées à queue de poisson du début du deuxième millénaire BC produites en Scandinavie méridionale, universellement décrites comme skeuomorphes des poignards à poignée massive d'Europe centrale. Cet article réévalue leur présumé skeuomorphisme par une analyse technologique et contextuelle approfondie, et propose une nouvelle façon de concevoir la relation entre les poignards à poignée ‘queue de poisson’ et à poignée massive. Comme la plupart des autres types de poignards en silex largement répandus en Europe néolithique, les poignards à queue de poisson et à poignée massive étaient produits en appliquant des processus de production spécialisés/standardisés et montrent l'intention de développer des technologies spéciales et peut-être limitées aux personnes qui les fabriquaient et utilisaient. Ce contexte technologique commun est identifié comme l'origine du ‘concept du poignard’ qui apparaît en Europe pendant cette période. Les poignards de tout matériel sont reconnus comme ‘objets frontières’ – objets qui compensent les frontières sociales et permettent aux hommes de milieux différents de reconnaître des valeurs et modes de vie similaires dans la culture de chacun et qui, par conséquence, facilitent la communication et l'échange, dans ce cas du métal et des concepts technologiques qui faisaient partie de son assimilation.

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Artikel versucht, den Grund für die Blütezeit von Dolchen im ersten Jahrtausend der Metallnutzung in Europa zu klären. Flintdolche, die gewöhnlich als direkte Kopien von zeitgleichen Metallklingen angesehen werden, waren von etwa 4000 bis 1500 v. Chr. in verschiedenen Teilen Europas verbreitet. Unter den am besten untersuchten und bekanntesten Flintdolchvarianten sind die sog. Fischschwanzdolche des frühen 2. Jts. v. Chr., die in Südskandinavien hergestellt wurden und grundsätzlich als typologische Rudimente zentraleuropäischer Vollgriffdolche angesehen werden. In diesem Aufsatz wird dieser mutmaßliche skeumorphe Charakter durch eine genaue technologische und kontextuelle Analyse neu bewertet und ein neuer Weg des Verständnisses der Beziehung von Fischschwanz-Feuersteindolchen und metallenen Vollgriffdolchen vorgeschlagen. Wie die meisten der anderen weitverbreiteten Flintdolchtypen des europäischen Neolithikums, wurden Fischschwanz- und Vollgriffdolche in Anwendung spezialisierter/standardisierter Produktionsprozesse produziert und zeigen die Intention, spezielle und vielleicht auf den Personenkreis, der sie herstellte und nutzte, begrenzte Technologien zu schaffen. Dieser gemeinsame technologische Hintergrund wird als die Wurzel der ‘Dolch-Idee’ identifiziert, die in dieser Zeit in Europa entsteht. Dolche aus jeglichem Material werden als ‘Grenzobjekte’ angesprochen – Gegenstände, die soziale Grenzen überbrücken und Menschen mit verschiedenen Hintergründen erlauben, ähnliche Werte und Wege des Lebens in anderen Kulturen zu erkennen und demzufolge Kommunikation und Austausch – im vorliegenden Fall von Metall und dem technologischen Konzept, das Teil seiner Übernahme in andere Kulturen war – zu erleichtern.

Keywords

flint daggersVollgriffdolche (metal-hilted daggers)Late Neolithic Scandinaviainnovationboundary objectspoignards en silexpoignards à poignée massiveScandinavie au Néolithique récentinnovationobjets frontièreFlintdolcheVollgriffdolcheSpätneolithikum SkandinaviensinnovationGrenzobjekte
Type
Articles
Information
European Journal of Archaeology , Volume 15 , Issue 3 , 2012 , pp. 440 - 464
Copyright
Copyright © European Association of Archaeologists 2012 

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