Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T07:27:01.922Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Danish Bell Beaker pottery and flint daggers – the display of social identities?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2017

Torben Sarauw
Torben Sarauw*
Affiliation:
Aalborg Historical Museum, Denmark
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article summarizes and discusses recent research into the Danish Bell Beaker phenomenon c.2350–1950 BC. Its focus is on the meaning of material culture here represented by Bell Beakers and bifacial lanceolate flint daggers, both seen from a social perspective. The Bell Beaker pottery is known to have had a very wide distribution. However, questions remain as to why Bell Beakers were only adopted in some regions and what meaning this special pottery had? Similarly the Danish type I daggers, which were manufactured within the context of the Danish Bell Beaker phenomenon in the northern parts of Jutland, had a wide distribution. Daggers of this type, which in general denote male identity, were exported in vast quantities, especially to Norway and the western parts of Sweden. In both case studies the evidence from a Danish Bell Beaker settlement site excavated in recent years – Bejsebakken – plays a major part.

Cet article propose un résumé et une analyse des recherches récentes sur la culture des Gobelets Campaniformes au Danemark (env. 2350–1950 av. JC). Il se concentre sur la signification de la culture matérielle, représentée ici par les gobelets campaniformes et les poignards bifaces en silex lancéolés et considérés tous les deux à partir d'un point de vue social. On sait que la poterie campaniforme avait une très large répartition. Cependant il faut se poser quelques questions: pourquoi les gobelets campaniformes étaient adoptés dans certaines régions seulement, et quelle était la signification de cette poterie particulière? De même, les poignards du type danois I fabriqués dans le contexte de la culture campaniforme dans le nord du Jutland, étaient largement répandus. Les poignards de ce type, qui en général ont une connotation mâle, étaient exportés en grandes quantités, plus particulièrement vers la Norvège et les parties occidentales de la Suède. Les constatations faites lors des récentes fouilles d'un village campaniforme – Bejsebakken – jouent une part majeure dans les deux études.

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert und fasst die aktuellen Forschungen zum dänischen Glockenbecherphänomen (ca. 2350–1950 v. Chr.) zusammen. Sein Fokus liegt auf der Bedeutung der materiellen Kultur, die hier anhand von Glockenbechern sowie bifazialen blattförmigen Flintdolchen untersucht wird, und die beide aus einer sozialen Perspektive betrachtet werden. Die Glockenbecherkeramik ist dafür bekannt, eine weite Verbreitung zu haben. Allerdings sind damit verschiedene Fragen verbunden, z. B. warum Glockenbecher nur in einigen Regionen genutzt wurden und was die Bedeutung dieser besonderen Keramik war. Gleichermaßen waren die dänischen Dolche des Typs 1, die im Rahmen des dänischen Glockenbecherphänomens in den nördlichen Teilen Jütlands hergestellt wurden, weit verbreitet. Dolche dieses Typs, die generell mit einer männlichen Identitätssphäre in Verbindung gebracht werden, wurden in sehr großer Menge insbesondere nach Norwegen und Westschweden exportiert. In beiden Fallstudien spielen die Beobachtungen von einem unlängst ausgegrabenen dänischen Glockenbecherfundplatz – Bejsebakken – eine grundlegende Rolle.

Keywords

Bell Beakerflint daggerjutlandmale identitysocial identitieswarriorgobelets campaniformespoignard en silexJutlandidentité mâleidentités socialesguerrierGlockenbecherFlintdolchJütlandmännliche Identitätsoziale IdentitätenKrieger
Type
Articles
Information
European Journal of Archaeology , Volume 11 , Issue 1 , 2007 , pp. 23 - 47
Copyright
Copyright © 2008 Sage Publications 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Apel, J., 2001. Daggers, Knowledge and Power. The Social Aspects of Flint-Dagger Technology in Scandinavia 2350–1500 cal BC. Uppsala: Coast to Coast Book 3.Google Scholar
Apel, J., 2004. From marginalisation to specialisation. Scandinavian flint-dagger production during the second wave of Neolithisation. In Knutsson, H. (ed.), Coast to Coast - Arrival. Results and Reflections: 295–308. Uppsala: Coast to Coast Book 10.Google Scholar
Arnold, V, 1981. Ein aus Schlagabfällen rekonstruierbarer Flintdolch vom Tegelbarg, Gemeinde Quern, Kreis Schleswig-Flensburg. Offa 38:53–160.Google Scholar
Asingh, P., 1987. Diverhøj - a complex burial mound and a Neolithic settlement. Journal of Danish Archaeology 6:130–154.Google Scholar
Barfield, L.H., 2001. Final discussion. In Nicolis, F. (ed.), Bell Beakers Today: Pottery, People, Culture, Symbols in Prehistoric Europe: 617–622. Trento: Provincia Autonoma di Trento.Google Scholar
Barrett, J.C., 1994. Fragments from Antiquity: An Archaeology of Social Life in Britain, 2900-1200 BC. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Barth, F., 1969. Introduction. In Barth, F. (ed.), Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference: 9–38. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget.Google Scholar
Becker, C.J., 1951. Late-Neolithic flint mines at Aalborg. Acta Archaeologica 22:135–152.Google Scholar
Becker, C.J., 1952. Die nordschwedischen Flintdepots. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des neolithischen Fernhandels in Skandinavien. Acta Archaeologica 23:31–79.Google Scholar
Becker, C.J., 1959. Flintmining in Neolithic Denmark. Antiquity 33(130):87–92.Google Scholar
Becker, C.J., 1993. Flintminer og flintdistribution ved Limfjorden. In Lund, J. and Ringtved, J. (eds), Kortog råstofstudier omkring Limfjorden. Rapport fra semi-narer afholdt 7–8 november 1991 i Bovbjerg samt 23–24. april 1992 i Aalborg: 111–134. Århus: Limfjordsprojektet, rapport 6.Google Scholar
Besse, M., 2004. Bell Beaker common ware during the third millennium BC in Europe. In Czebreszuk, J. (ed.), Similar but Different. Bell Beakers in Europe: 127–148. Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University.Google Scholar
Bloemers, J.H.F., 1968. Flintdolche vom skandinavischen Typus in den Niederlanden. Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek 18:47–110.Google Scholar
Boast, R.B., 1995. Fine pots, pure pots, Beaker pots. In Kinnes, I. and Varndell, G. (eds), ‘Unbaked Urns of Rudely Shape’. Essays on British and Irish Pottery for Ian Longworth: 69–80. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 55.Google Scholar
Bowser, B.J., 2000. From pottery to politics: an ethnoarchaeological study of polit-ical factionalism, ethnicity, and domestic pottery style in the Ecuadorian Amazon. journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 7(3):219–248.Google Scholar
Braithwaite, M., 1982. Decoration as ritual symbol: a theoretical proposal and an ethnographic study in southern Sudan. In Hodder, I. (ed.), Symbolic and Structural Archaeology: 80–88. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brodie, N., 1997. New perspectives on the Bell-Beaker Culture. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16(3):297–314.Google Scholar
Brodie, N., 2001. Technological frontiers and the emergence of the Beaker culture. In Nicolis, F. (ed.), Bell Beakers Today: Pottery, People, Culture, Symbols in Prehistoric Europe: 459–496. Trento: Provincia Autonoma di Trento.Google Scholar
Brumfiel, E.M. and Earle, T.K., 1987. Specialization, exchange, and complex societies: an introduction. In Brumfiel, E.M. and Earle, T.K. (eds), Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies: 1–9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Budziszewski, J., Haduch, E. and Włodarczak, P., 2003. Bell Beaker culture in south-eastern Poland. In Czebreszuk, J. and Szmyt, M. (eds), The Northeast Frontier of Bell Beakers: 155–181. Oxford: Archaeopress (BAR International Series 1155).Google Scholar
Case, H., 1995. Beakers: loosening a stereotype. In Kinnes, I. and Varndell, G. (eds), ‘Unbaked Urns of Rudely Shape’. Essays on British and Irish Pottery for Ian Longworth: 55–67. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 55.Google Scholar
Chapman, R.W., 1986. ‘Once upon a time in the west’: some observations on Beaker studies. In Waldren, W.H. and Kennard, R.C. (eds), Bell Beakers of the Western Mediterranean. Definition, Interpretation, Theory and New Site Data: 61–79. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports (International Series 331.i).Google Scholar
Clark, J.E. and Parry, W.J., 1990. Craft specialization and cultural complexity. Research in Economic Anthropology 12:289–346.Google Scholar
Clarke, D.L., 1970. Beaker Pottery of Great Britain and Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Clarke, D.L., 1976. The Beaker network: social and economic models. In Lanting, J.N. and van der Waals, J.D. (eds), Glockenbechersymposion Oberried 1974: 459–476. Bussum/Haarlem: Fibula-van Dishoeck.Google Scholar
Crumlin-Pedersen, O., 2003. The Hjortspring boat in a ship-archaeological context. In Crumlin-Pedersen, O. and Trakadas, A. (eds), Hjortspring. A Pre-Roman Iron-Age Warship in Context: 209–233. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum.Google Scholar
Czebreszuk, J., 2003a. Bell Beakers in the sequence of the cultural changes in south-western Baltic area. In Czebreszuk, J. and Szmyt, M. (eds), The Northeast Frontier of Bell Beakers: 21–38. Oxford: Archaeopress (BAR International Series 1155).Google Scholar
Czebreszuk, J., 2003b. Bell Beakers from west to east. In Bogucki, P. and Crabtree, P.J. (eds), Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.-A.D. 1000. Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World: 476–485. New York: Thomson and Gale.Google Scholar
Czebreszuk, J. and Szmyt, M., 2003. The northeast frontier of Bell Beakers. First step to outline. In Czebreszuk, J. and Szmyt, M. (eds), The Northeast Frontier of Bell Beakers: 283–286. Oxford: Archaeopress (BAR International Series 1155).Google Scholar
Drenth, E. and Hogestijn, W.J.H., 2001. The Bell Beaker culture in the Netherlands: the state of research in 1998. In Nicolis, F. (ed.), Bell Beakers Today. Pottery, People, Culture, Symbols in Prehistoric Europe: 309–332. Trento: Provincia Autonoma di Trento.Google Scholar
Earle, T.K., 1997. How Chiefs Come to Power. The Political Economy in Prehistory. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Earle, T.K., 2004. Culture matters in the Neolithic transition and emergence of hierarchy in Thy, Denmark: distinguished lecture. American Anthropologist 106(1):111–125.Google Scholar
Ebbesen, K., 2005. En senneolitisk stenkiste i Bjergby på Mors. Kuml 2005:61–71.Google Scholar
Ebbesen, K., 2006. The Battle Axe Period. København: Attika.Google Scholar
Eriksen, T.H., 2001. Small Places, Large Issues: An Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, A.P., 2003. The Amesbury archer. Current Archaeology 184:146–52.Google Scholar
Fokkens, H., 1999. Cattle and martiality: changing relations between man and landscape in the Late Neolithic and the Bronze Age. In Fabech, C. and Ringtved, J. (eds), Settlement and Landscape: 35–43. Aarhus: Jutland Archaeological Society.Google Scholar
Gry, H. and Søndergaard, B., 1958. Flintforekomster i Danmark. København (Progress Report, serie D2, nr. 2).Google Scholar
Harrison, R.J., 1980. The Beaker Folk. Copper Age Archaeology in Western Europe. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Hayden, B., 1995. Pathways to power: principles for creating socioeconomic inequalities. In Price, T.D. and Feinman, G.M. (eds), Foundations of Social Inequality: 15–86. New York and London: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Hegmon, M., 1992. Archaeological research on style. Annual Review of Anthropology 21:517–36.Google Scholar
Heyd, V, Winterholler, B., Böhm, K. and Pernicka, E., 2005. Mobilität, Strontiumisotopie und Subsistenz in der süddeutschen Glockenbecherkultur. Bericht der Bayerischen Bodendenkmalpflege 43/44 (2002/2003):109–135.Google Scholar
Hodder, I., 1982. Symbols in Action: Ethno-Archaeological Studies of Material Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hübner, E., 2005. Jungneolithische Grüber auf der Jütischen Halbinsel. Typologische und chronologische Studien zur Einzelgrabkultur. København: Det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab.Google Scholar
Jenkins, R., 1996. Social Identity. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jensen, J. Aarup, 1973. Myrhøj, 3 hustomter med klokkebægerkeramik. Kuml 1972:61–122.Google Scholar
Kramer, C., 1985. Ceramic ethnoarchaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 14:77–102.Google Scholar
Kühn, H.J., 1979. Das Spätneolithikum in Schleswig-Holstein. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz (Offa-Bücher 40).Google Scholar
Lanting, J.N. and Van der Waals, J.D., 1976. Beaker culture relations in the Lower Rhine Bassin. In Lanting, J.N. and van der Waals, J.D. (eds), Glockenbechersymposion oberried 1974: 1–80. Bussum/Haarlem: Fibula-van Dishoeck.Google Scholar
Larick, R., 1991. Warriors and blacksmiths: mediating ethnicity in East African spears. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 10:299–331.Google Scholar
Lomborg, E., 1973. Die Flintdolche Dänemarks. Studien über Chronologie und Kulturbeziehungen des südskandinavischen Spätneolitikums. København: Det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftsselskab (Nordiske Fortidsminder Serie B).Google Scholar
Lomborg, E., 1977. Klokkebæger- og senere Beaker-indflydelser i Danmark. Et bidrag til enkeltgravskulturens datering. Aarbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 1975:20–41.Google Scholar
Lucy, S., 2005. Ethnic and cultural identities. In Díaz-Andreu, M., Lucy, S., Babic, S. and Edwards, D.N. (eds), The Archaeology of Identity. Approaches to Gender, Age, Status, Ethnicity and Religion: 86–109. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Makarowicz, P., 2003. Northern and southern Bell Beakers in Poland. In Czebreszuk, J. and Szmyt, M. (eds), The Northeast Frontier of Bell Beakers: 137–154. Oxford: Archaeopress (BAR International Series 1155).Google Scholar
Mertens, K., 2003. Einflüsse der Glockenbecherkultur in Norddeutschland. In Czebreszuk, J. and Szmyt, M. (eds), The Northeast Frontier of Bell Beakers: 51–71. Oxford: Archaeopress (BAR International Series 1155).Google Scholar
Mizoguchi, K., 1995. The ‘materiality’ of Wessex beakers. Scottish Archaeological Review 9/10:175–185.Google Scholar
Müller, J. and Van Willigen, S., 2001. New radiocarbon evidence for European Bell Beakers and the consequences for the diffusion of the Bell Beaker phenomenon. In Nicolis, F. (ed.), Bell Beakers Today. Pottery, People, Culture, Symbols in Prehistoric Europe: 59–80. Trento: Provincia Autonoma di Trento.Google Scholar
Myhre, B., 1979. Spor etter klokkebegerkulturen i Rogaland. Frá Haug ok Heidni 7(1978) 79:298–303.Google Scholar
Needham, S., 2005. Transforming Beaker culture in north-west Europe: processes of fusion and fission. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 71:171–217.Google Scholar
Nielsen, P.O., 1997. De ældste langhuse. Fra toskibede til treskibede huse i Norden. Bebyggelseshistorisk Tidsskrift 33:9–30.Google Scholar
Nielsen, P.O., 1999. Limensgård and Grødbygård. Settlements with house remains from the early, middle and late Neolithic on Bornholm. In Fabech, C. and Ringtved, J. (eds), Settlement and Landscape: 149–165. Aarhus: Jutland Archaeological Society.Google Scholar
Nunn, G., 2005. Replicating the type 1C Neolithic Danish dagger. Advanced flintknapping with Greg Nunn (DVD). Moab, UT: Paleo Technologies/Greg Nunn.Google Scholar
Nunn, G., 2006. Using the Jutland type 1C Neolithic Danish dagger as a model to replicate parallel, edge-to-edge pressure flaking. In Apel, J. and Knutsson, K. (eds), Skilled Production and Social Reproduction. Aspects of Traditional Stone-Tool Technologies: 81–113. Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis.Google Scholar
Price, T.D., Grupe, G. and Schröter, P., 1998. Migration in the Bell Beaker period of central Europe. Antiquity 72(276, June): 405–11.Google Scholar
Price, T.D., Knipper, C., Grupe, G. and Smrcka, V. 2004. Strontium isotopes and prehistoric human migration: the Bell Beaker period in central Europe. European journal of Archaeology 7(1):9–40.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, L.W., 1990. Dolkproduktion og -distribution i senneolitikum. Hikuin 16:31–42.Google Scholar
Rassmann, K., 1993. Spätneolithikum und frühe Bronzezeit im Flachland zwischen Elbe und Oder. Lübstorf: Archäologisches Landesmuseum für Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Beitr. Ur- und Frühgesch. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 28).Google Scholar
Rehman, F., Robinson, V.J. and Shennan, S.J., 1992. A neutron activation study of Bell Beakers and associated pottery from Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Památky archeologické 83:197–211.Google Scholar
Rudebeck, E., 1998. Flint extraction, axe offering, and the value of cortex. In Edmonds, M. and Richards, C. (eds), Understanding the Neolithic of North-Western Europe: 312–327. Glasgow: Cruithne Press.Google Scholar
Sarauw, T., 2006. Bejsebakken. Late Neolithic Houses and Settlement Structure. København: Det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab (Serie C).Google Scholar
Sarauw, T., 2007a. Male symbols or warrior identities? The ‘archery burials’ of the Danish Bell Beaker culture. journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26(1):65–87.Google Scholar
Sarauw, T., 2007b. On the outskirts of the European Bell Beaker phenomenon - the Danish case. jungsteinSITE (articles, 15 September 2007). URL (accessed December 2008: www.jungsteinSITE.de Google Scholar
Sarauw, T., 2008. Early Late Neolithic dagger production in northern Jutland: marginalised production or source of wealth? Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 87(2006):213–272.Google Scholar
Scheen, R., 1979. De norske flintdolkene. . Oslo: University of Oslo.Google Scholar
Shennan, S., 1977. The appearance of the Bell Beaker assemblage in central Europe. In Mercer, R. (ed.), Beakers in Britain and Europe: Four studies: 51–70. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports (International Series 26).Google Scholar
Shennan, S., 1986. Interaction and change in third millennium BC western and central Europe. In Renfrew, C. and Cherry, J. (eds), Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-Political Change: 137–148. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sherratt, A., 1987. Cups that cheered. In Waldren, W.H. and Kennard, RC. (eds), Bell Beakers of the Western Mediterranean. Definition, Interpretation, Theory and New Site Data: 81–106. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports (International Series 331.i).Google Scholar
Skov, T., 1970. En håndledsbeskytter fra Sahl sogn. Holsterbro Museum Årsskrift 1969–70: 27–31.Google Scholar
Skov, T., 1982. A Late Neolithic house site with Bell Beaker pottery at Stendis, Northwestern Jutland. Journal of Danish Archaeology 1:39–44.Google Scholar
Solberg, B., 1994. Exchange and the role of import to western Norway in the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age. Norwegian Archaeological Review 27(2):111–148.Google Scholar
Stafford, M., 1998. In search of Hindsgavl: experiments in the production of Neolithic Danish flint daggers. Antiquity 72(276, June):338–349.Google Scholar
Stafford, M., 2003. The parallel-flaked flint daggers of Late Neolithic Denmark: an experimental perspective. Journal of Archaeological Science 30(12):1537–1550.Google Scholar
Strahm, C. (ed.), 1995. Das Glockenbecher-Phönomen. Ein Seminar. Freiburg: Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte der Universität Freiburg (Freiburger Archäologische Studien 2).Google Scholar
Sørensen, M.L.S., 1997. Reading dress: the construction of social categories and identities in Bronze Age Europe. Journal of European Archaeology 5(1):93–114.Google Scholar
Thomas, J., 1999. Understanding the Neolithic. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Thomsen, E., 2000. Flintens geologi og mineralogi. In Eriksen, B.V. (ed.), Flintstudier. En håndbog i systematiske analyser af flintinventarer: 17–36. Århus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Turek, J. and Černý, V., 2001. Society, gender and sexual dimorphism of the Corded Ware and Bell Beaker populations. In Nicolis, F. (ed), Bell Beakers Today. Pottery, People, Culture, Symbols in Prehistoric Europe: 601–612. Trento: Provincia Autonoma di Trento.Google Scholar
Turek, J., Dvořak, P. and Peška, J. 2003. Archaeology of Beaker settlements in Bohemia and Moravia. In In Czebreszuk, J. and Szmyt, M. (eds), The Northeast Frontier of Bell Beakers: 183–208. Oxford: Archaeopress (BAR International Series 1155).Google Scholar
Vander Linden, M.M., 2004. Polythetic networks, coherent people: a new historical hypothesis for the Bell Beaker phenomenon. In Czebreszuk, J. (ed.), Similar but Different. Bell Beakers in Europe: 35–62. Poznaʼn: Adam Mickiewicz University.Google Scholar
Vander Linden, M.M., 2006. Le phénoméne campaniforme dans l'Europe du 3éme mil-lénaire avant notre ére. Synthese et nouvelles perspectives. Oxford: Archaeopress (BAR International Series 1470).Google Scholar
Vandkilde, H., 1996. From Stone to Bronze. The Metalwork of the Late Neolithic and Earliest Bronze Age in Denmark. Højbjerg: Jutland Archaeological Society.Google Scholar
Vandkilde, H., 2001. Beaker representation in the Danish late Neolithic. In Nicolis, F. (ed.), Bell Beakers Today. Pottery, People, Culture, Symbols in Prehistoric Europe: 333–360. Trento: Provincia Autonoma di Trento.Google Scholar
Vandkilde, H., 2005a. A review of the early late Neolithic Period in Denmark: practice, identity and connectivity. jungsteinSIIE (articles, 15 December 2005). URL (accessed December 2008: www.jungsteinSITE.de Google Scholar
Vandkilde, H., 2005b. A biographical perspective on Ösenringe from the early Bronze Age. In Kienlin, T. (ed.), Die Dinge als Zeichen: Kulturelles Wissen und materielle Kultur: 377–395. Bonn (Universitäts-forschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 125).Google Scholar
Vandkilde, H., Rahbek, U. and Rasmussen, K.L., 1996. Radiocarbon dating and the chronology of Bronze Age southern Scandinavia. Acta Archaeologica 67:183–198.Google Scholar
Van Der Waals, J.D., 1984. Bell Beakers in continental western Europe. In Guilaine, J. (ed.), L'Age du cuivre européen. Civilisations á vases campaniformes: 3–35. Paris: CNRS.Google Scholar
Weedman, K., 2006. Gender and ethnoarchaeology. In Nelson, S. M. (ed.), Handbook of Gender in Archaeology: 247–294. Oxford: AltaMira Press.Google Scholar
Wiessner, P., 1983. Style and social information in Kalahari San projectile points. American Antiquity 48(2):253–276.Google Scholar
Østmo, E., 2005. Over Skagerak i steinalderen. Noen refleksjoner om oppfinnelsen av havgående fartøyer i Norden. Viking 2005:55–82.Google Scholar