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Craving and other characteristics of the comorbidity of alcohol and nicotine dependence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Ines Hertling ,
Katrin Ramskogler ,
Alexander Dvorak ,
Anton Klingler ,
Gerda Saletu-Zyhlarz ,
Rudolf Schoberberger ,
Henriette Walter ,
Michael Kunze  and
Otto Michael Lesch
Ines Hertling*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090Vienna, Austria
Katrin Ramskogler
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090Vienna, Austria
Alexander Dvorak
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090Vienna, Austria
Anton Klingler
Affiliation:
Theoretical Surgery Unit, Schoepfstrasse 41, A-6020Innsbruck, Austria
Gerda Saletu-Zyhlarz
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090Vienna, Austria
Rudolf Schoberberger
Affiliation:
Institute of Social Medicine, University of Vienna, Rooseveltplatz 3, A-1090Vienna, Austria
Henriette Walter
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090Vienna, Austria
Michael Kunze
Affiliation:
Institute of Social Medicine, University of Vienna, Rooseveltplatz 3, A-1090Vienna, Austria
Otto Michael Lesch
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090Vienna, Austria
*
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 1 40400 3529; fax: +43 1 40400 3472. E-mail address: ines_hertling@yahoo.de (I. Hertling).
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Abstract

Purpose

In this cross-sectional study we compared alcohol-dependent smokers and non-alcohol-dependent smokers with respect to intensity of nicotine dependence, craving conditions, sleep disturbances, comorbidity with major depression, reasons for smoking, accompanying somatic diseases and patients' prolonged abstinence from smoking during the 3 years preceding the study.

Subjects and methods

Fifty-one alcohol-dependent smokers and 327 non-alcohol-dependent smokers diagnosed as ICD-10 and DSM-IV-nicotine dependent, were investigated by means of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, the Lübeck Craving-Recurrence Risk Questionnaire and the Lesch Alcohol Dependence Typology (both adapted to smoking).

Results

The intensity of nicotine dependence was more enhanced in alcohol-dependent smokers compared to non-alcohol-dependent smokers. Several variables of all factors of craving (“depressive mood”, “stimulation”, “relaxation”, “socially triggered tension”) were significantly increased in alcohol-dependent patients (P < 0.05). Alcohol-dependent smokers showed depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances, whilst non-alcohol-dependent individuals mainly smoked for stress release and weight control.

Discussion

Our study demonstrates that the intensity of nicotine dependence, several conditions of craving for nicotine, sleep disturbances and symptoms of depression appear to be enhanced in alcohol-dependent smokers compared with non-alcohol-dependent smokers.

Conclusions

It is hoped that the factors of craving and reasons for smoking identified in this study will contribute to a better understanding of smoking temptation in alcohol-dependent smokers and non-alcohol-dependent smokers in future.

Keywords

SmokingCravingNicotineAlcoholCo-dependence
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 20 , Issue 5-6 , August 2005 , pp. 442 - 450
Copyright
Copyright ©Elsevier SAS 2005

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