Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T06:54:57.111Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Association between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in childhood and schizophrenia later in adulthood

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 April 2020

S. Dalsgaard ,
P.B. Mortensen ,
M. Frydenberg ,
C.M. Maibing ,
M. Nordentoft  and
P.H. Thomsen
S. Dalsgaard*
Affiliation:
National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital of Telemark, Kragerø, Norway The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark
P.B. Mortensen
Affiliation:
National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark
M. Frydenberg
Affiliation:
Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
C.M. Maibing
Affiliation:
Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
M. Nordentoft
Affiliation:
The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
P.H. Thomsen
Affiliation:
Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
*
*Corresponding author. National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs Allé 4, Building K, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark. Tel.: +45 24 41 37 87. E-mail address: sdalsgaard@ncrr.dk (S. Dalsgaard).
Get access

Abstract

Purpose:

To estimate the risk of schizophrenia in adulthood among children and adolescents with ADHD compared to the background population.

Subjects/materials and methods:

Two hundred and eight youths with ADHD (183 boys; 25 girls) were followed prospectively. Diagnoses of schizophrenia were obtained from The Danish Psychiatric Central Register. The relative risk (RR) of schizophrenia for cases with ADHD, compared to the normal population, was calculated as risk ratios. Hazard ratios (HR's) by Cox regression were calculated in the predictor analyses.

Results:

Mean age for ADHD cases at follow-up was 31.1 years. Schizophrenia diagnoses were given to 3.8% of these cases. Compared to the general population, RR of schizophrenia in cases with ADHD was 4.3 (95% CI 1.9–8.57).

Discussion and conclusion:

This prospective follow-up study found children with ADHD to be at higher risk of later schizophrenia than controls. If replicated, these results warrant increased focus on the possible emergence symptoms of schizophrenia or schizophreniform psychosis during clinical follow-up of patients with ADHD.

Keywords

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)SchizophreniaPsychotic disordersMethylphenidatePrevalencePharmacoepidemiology
Type
Original articles
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 29 , Issue 4 , May 2014 , pp. 259 - 263
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abel, K.M., Wicks, S., Susser, E.S., Dalman, C., Pedersen, M.G., Mortensen, P.B.et al.Birth weight, schizophrenia, and adult mental disorder: is risk confined to the smallest babies? Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010;67:923–930.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Milberger, S., Curtis, S., Chen, L., Marrs, A.et al.Predictors of persistence and remission of ADHD into adolescence: results from a four-year prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:343–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Milberger, S., Guite, J., Mick, E., Chen, L.et al.A prospective 4-year follow-up study of attention-deficit hyperactivity and related disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:437–446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M.C., Mick, E., Spencer, T., Wilens, T.E., Silva, J.M.et al.Young adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 10-year follow-up study. Psychol Med 2006;36:167–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BootsMiller, B.J., Ribisl, K.M., Mowbray, C.T., Davidson, W.S., Walton, M.A., Herman, S.E.Methods of ensuring high follow-up rates: lessons from a longitudinal study of dual diagnosed participants. Subst Use Misuse 1998;33:2665–2685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, M.D., Winsberg, B.G., Camus, L.A.Methylphenidate augmentation therapy in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992;12:273–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cherland, E., Fitzpatrick, R.Psychotic side effects of psychostimulants: a 5-year review. Can J Psychiatry 1999;44:811–813.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crow, T.J., Done, D.J., Sacker, A.Childhood precursors of psychosis as clues to its evolutionary origins. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995;245:61–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalsgaard, S., Hansen, N., Mortensen, P.B., Damm, D., Thomsen, P.H.Reassessment of ADHD in a historical cohort of children treated with stimulants in the period 1969–1989. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;10:230–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalsgaard, S., Mortensen, P.B., Frydenberg, M., Thomsen, P.H.Conduct problems, gender and adult psychiatric outcome of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2002;181:416–421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalsgaard, S., Mortensen, P.B., Frydenberg, M., Thomsen, P.H.Long-term criminal outcome of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Crim Behav Ment Health 2013;23:86–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalsgaard, S., Nielsen, H.S., Simonsen, M.Five-fold increase in national prevalence rates of ADHD medications for children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and other psychiatric disorders–A Danish register-based study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2013;23:432–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, M., Reichenberg, A., Rabinowitz, J., Weiser, M., Kaplan, Z., Mark, M.Behavioral and intellectual markers for schizophrenia in apparently healthy male adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1328–1335.Google ScholarPubMed
de la Serna, E., Baeza, I., Toro, J., Andres, S., Puig, O., Sanchez-Guistau, V.et al.Relationship between clinical and neuropsychological characteristics in child and adolescent first degree relatives of subjects with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2010;116:159–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dichter, G.S., Damiano, C.A., Allen, J.A.Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings. J Neurodev Dis 2012;4:19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekinci, O., Sabuncuoglu, O.Psychosis associated with switching from risperidone to aripiprazole in an adolescent on methylphenidate treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011;35:648–649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faraone, S.V., Biederman, J., Mennin, D., Gershon, J., Tsuang, M.T.A prospective four-year follow-up study of children at risk for ADHD: psychiatric, neuropsychological, and psychosocial outcome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:1449–1459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischer, M., Barkley, R.A., Fletcher, K.E., Smallish, L.The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children: predictors of psychiatric, academic, social, and emotional adjustment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32:324–332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galynker, I., Ieronimo, C., Miner, C., Rosenblum, J., Vilkas, N., Rosenthal, R.Methylphenidate treatment of negative symptoms in patients with dementia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1997;9:231–239.Google ScholarPubMed
Gelperin, K., Phelan, K.Psychiatric adverse events associated with drug treatment of ADHD: review of postmarketing safety data. FDA Report PID D050243. US Food and Drug Administration; 2006 [Last accessed March 26th 2013]http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/briefing/2006-4210b_11_01_AdverseEvents.pdf.Google Scholar
Gerlach, J., Bjorndal, N., Christensson, E.Methylphenidate, apomorphine, THIP, and diazepam in monkeys: dopamine-GABA behavior related to psychoses and tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984;82:131–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gershon, J.A meta-analytic review of gender differences in ADHD. J Atten Disord 2002;5:143–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greiner, C., Enss, E., Haen, E.[Drug-induced psychosis after intake of a modified–release formulation of methylphenidate]. Psychiatr Prax 2009;36:89–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasson, R., Fine, J.G.Gender differences among children with ADHD on continuous performance tests: a meta-analytic review. J Atten Disord 2012;16:190–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hechtman, L.Predictors of long-term outcome in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Clin North Am 1999;46:1039–1052.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hellgren, L., Gillberg, I.C., Bagenholm, A., Gillberg, C.Children with deficits in attention, motor control and perception (DAMP) almost grown up: psychiatric and personality disorders at age 16 years. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1994;35:1255–1271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helzer, J.E.Standardized interviews in psychiatry. Psychiatr Dev 1983;1:161–178.Google Scholar
Hurtig, T.M., Taanila, A., Veijola, J., Ebeling, H., Maki, P., Miettunen, J.et al.Associations between psychotic-like symptoms and inattention/hyperactivity symptoms. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2011;46:17–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
IBM Corp.. IBM SPSS Statistics version 19.0.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.; 2010.Google Scholar
Janowsky, D.S., Davis, J.M.Dopamine, psychomotor stimulants, and schizophrenia: effects of methylphenidate and the stereoisomers of amphetamine in schizophrenics. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 1974;12:317–323.Google ScholarPubMed
Janowsky, D.S., Davis, J.M.Methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, and levamfetamine. Effects on schizophrenic symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;33:304–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janowsky, D.S., Huey, L., Storms, L., Judd, L.L.Methylphenidate hydrochloride effects on psychological tests in acute schizophrenic and nonpsychotic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:189–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jody, D., Lieberman, J.A., Geisler, S., Szymanski, S., Alvir, J.M.Behavioral response to methylphenidate and treatment outcome in first episode schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull 1990;26:224–230.Google ScholarPubMed
Kim-Cohen, J., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E., Harrington, H., Milne, B.J., Poulton, R.Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder: developmental follow-back of a prospective-longitudinal cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:709–717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koreen, A.R., Lieberman, J.A., Alvir, J., Chakos, M.The behavioral effect of m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) and methylphenidate in first-episode schizophrenia and normal controls. Neuropsychopharmacology 1997;16:61–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraemer, M., Uekermann, J., Wiltfang, J., Kis, B.Methylphenidate-induced psychosis in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: report of 3 new cases and review of the literature. Clin Neuropharmacol 2010;33:204–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levy, F., Hay, D.A., Bennett, K.S., McStephen, M.Gender differences in ADHD subtype comorbidity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005;44:368–376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, J.A., Alvir, J., Geisler, S., Ramos-Lorenzi, J., Woerner, M., Novacenko, H.et al.Methylphenidate response, psychopathology and tardive dyskinesia as predictors of relapse in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1994;11:107–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, J.A., Kane, J.M., Alvir, J.Provocative tests with psychostimulant drugs in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1987;91:415–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linnet, K.M., Dalsgaard, S., Obel, C., Wisborg, K., Henriksen, T.B., Rodriguez, A.et al.Maternal lifestyle factors in pregnancy risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and associated behaviors: review of the current evidence. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1028–1040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeber, R.Initiation, escalation and desistance in juvenile offending and their correlates. J Crim Law Criminol (1931) 1991;82:36–82.Google Scholar
Lucas, A.R., Weiss, M.Methylphenidate hallucinosis. JAMA 1971;217:1079–1081.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lysaker, P.H., Vohs, J.L., Tsai, J.Negative symptoms and concordant impairments in attention in schizophrenia: associations with social functioning, hope, self-esteem and internalized stigma. Schizophr Res 2009;110:165–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mannuzza, S., Klein, R.G., Bessler, A., Malloy, P., LaPadula, M.Adult outcome of hyperactive boys. Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:565–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mannuzza, S., Klein, R.G., Bessler, A., Malloy, P., LaPadula, M.Adult psychiatric status of hyperactive boys grown up. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:493–498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mannuzza, S., Klein, R.G., Bonagura, N., Malloy, P., Giampino, T.L., Addalli, K.A.Hyperactive boys almost grown up. V. Replication of psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:77–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mannuzza, S., Klein, R.G., Konig, P.H., Giampino, T.L.Hyperactive boys almost grown up. IV. Criminality and its relationship to psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1073–1079.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mannuzza, S., Klein, R.G., Moulton, J.L.Lifetime criminality among boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a prospective follow-up study into adulthood using official arrest records. Psychiatry Res 2008;160:237–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milberger, S., Biederman, J., Faraone, S.V., Wilens, T., Chu, M.P.Associations between ADHD and psychoactive substance use disorders. Findings from a longitudinal study of high-risk siblings of ADHD children. Am J Addict 1997;6:318–329.Google ScholarPubMed
Mosholder, A.Psychiatric adverse events in clinical trials of drugs for ADHD. FDA Report PID D060163 US Food and Drug Administration; 2006 [Last accessed March 26th 2013]http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/briefing/2006-4210b_10_01_Mosholder.pdf.Google Scholar
Niemi, L.T., Suvisaari, J.M., Tuulio-Henriksson, A., Lönnqvist, J.K.Childhood developmental abnormalities in schizophrenia: evidence from high-risk studies. Schizophr Res 2003;60:239–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owen, M.J., O’Donovan, M.C., Thapar, A., Craddock, N.Neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2011;198:173–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pedersen, C.B., Gøtzsche, H., Møller, J.Ø., Mortensen, P.B.The Danish Civil Registration System – A cohort of eight million persons. Dan Med Bull 2006;53:441–449.Google ScholarPubMed
Phelan, K.One year post-pediatric exclusivity postmarketing adverse event review: Adderall XR. FDA Report PID D040761 US Food and Drug Administration; 2006 [Last accessed March 26th 2013]http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/briefing/2006-4210b_05_02_AdderallSafetyReview.pdf.Google Scholar
Phelan, K.Summary of psychiatric and neurological adverse events from June 2005 1-year post pediatric exclusivity reviews of Concerta and other methylphenidate products. US Food and Drug Administration; 2006 [Last accessed March 26th 2013]http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/briefing/2006-4210b_09_01_Methsummary.pdf.Google Scholar
Ross, R.G.Psychotic and manic-like symptoms during stimulant treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:1149–1152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubino, I.A., Frank, E., Croce Nanni, R., Pozzi, D., Lanza di Scalea, T., Siracusano, A.A comparative study of axis I antecedents before age 18 of unipolar depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Psychopathology 2009;42:325–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rucklidge, J.J.Gender differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2010;33:357–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Satterfield, J., Swanson, J., Schell, A., Lee, F.Prediction of antisocial behavior in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder boys from aggression/defiance scores. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994;33:185–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Satterfield, J.H., Faller, K.J., Crinella, F.M., Schell, A.M., Swanson, J.M., Homer, L.D.A 30-year prospective follow-up study of hyperactive boys with conduct problems: adult criminality. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;46:601–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, K., Freidson, S.Atypical outcome in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990;29:566–570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharma, R.P., Javaid, J.I., Pandey, G.N., Janicak, P.G., Davis, J.M.Behavioral and biochemical effects of methylphenidate in schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1991;30:459–466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shen, L.H., Liao, M.H., Tseng, Y.C.Recent advances in imaging of dopaminergic neurons for evaluation of neuropsychiatric disorders. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012;2012:259349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sourander, A., Elonheimo, H., Niemela, S., Nuutila, A.M., Helenius, H., Sillanmaki, L.et al.Childhood predictors of male criminality: a prospective population-based follow-up study from age 8 to late adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;45:578–586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szeszko, P.R., Bilder, R.M., Dunlop, J.A., Walder, D.J., Lieberman, J.A.Longitudinal assessment of methylphenidate effects on oral word production and symptoms in first-episode schizophrenia at acute and stabilized phases. Biol Psychiatry 1999;45:680–686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uggerby, P., Ostergaard, S.D., Roge, R., Correll, C.U., Nielsen, J.The validity of the schizophrenia diagnosis in the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register is good. Dan Med J 2013;60:A4578.Google Scholar
Weiss, G., Hechtman, L., Milroy, T., Perlman, T.Psychiatric status of hyperactives as adults: a controlled prospective 15-year follow-up of 63 hyperactive children. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1985;24:211–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. International classification of diseases: manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death (ICD-8). Geneva: WHO; 1967.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1993.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.