Distinct Subgroups Derived By Cluster Analysis Based on Pain Characteristics and Anxiety-Depression Symptoms in Swedish Older Adults With Chronic Pain (Pains65+)

Abstract

Introduction

There is a lack of research on subtypes of chronic pain (CP) characteristics in the elderly.

Objective

To scrutinize major subgroups based on pain aspects and psychological factors on an elderly population.

Aims

To determine possible differences between the derived subgroups with respect to pain aspects and anxiety-depression symptoms, health aspects and health care costs.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was implemented. A large sample of 2300 individuals (M = 75.9 years, SD = 7.4) participated. Self-reported postal measurements regarding pain intensity, spreading of pain, anxiety and depression (General well-being schedule [GWBS]), and pain catastrophizing [PCS]) were used as classification variables. A two-step cluster analysis was employed. We further investigated whether the derived subgroups experienced different quality of life and general health. Calculations regarding health care costs were also performed.

Results

Two major subgroups were identified: one low symptom severity subgroup (Cluster 1; n = 1326; 58%) and one high symptom severity subgroup (Cluster 2; n = 974; 42%). There were statistical significant differences on pain intensity, spreading of pain, anxiety, depression and pain catastrophizing between the two subgroups (P < 0.001). Significant lower levels for quality of life and general health (P < 0.001) were found for the high symptom severity subgroup. Health care costs in the high symptom severity subgroup were significantly higher than those of the low symptom severity subgroup (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our findings exhibit the necessity for subgroup-specific treatment services for improving pain management and reducing health care costs in the elderly.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.