Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T06:43:46.477Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The effect of change in clinical state on eye movement dysfunction in schizophrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Dimitra Kallimani ,
Christos Theleritis ,
Ioannis Evdokimidis ,
Nicholas C. Stefanis ,
Ioannis Chatzimanolis  and
Nikolaos Smyrnis
Dimitra Kallimani
Affiliation:
Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
Christos Theleritis
Affiliation:
Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
Ioannis Evdokimidis
Affiliation:
Cognition and Action Group, Neurology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
Nicholas C. Stefanis
Affiliation:
Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
Ioannis Chatzimanolis
Affiliation:
Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
Nikolaos Smyrnis*
Affiliation:
Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece Cognition and Action Group, Neurology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
*
*Corresponding author. Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, 72Vas. Sofias Ave, Athens, 11528, Greece. Tel.: +30 21 07293244; fax: +30 21 07293245. E-mail address: smyrnis@med.uoa.grhttp://cag.eginitio.uoa.gr
Get access

Abstract

Measures of eye movement dysfunction have been considered as candidate endophenotypes for the study of genetic liability in schizophrenia. In this respect it is crucial to confirm a clinical state independentce of these measures. Twenty people with DSM-IV schizophrenia were assessed using a battery of oculomotor tasks in the acute phase of their disorder without being treated with antipsychotic medication and then again in the remission phase under treatment with antipsychotic medication. The saccade latency in the saccade task, the error rate and antisaccade latency in the antisaccade task, and the frequency of unwanted saccades in the active fixation task were stable in time both at the group level and within each individual, showing no relation to the significant improvement in different psychopathological dimensions of these patients. The root mean square error, gain and saccade frequency in the pursuit task were not stable over time, although again this instability was not related to the changes in psychopathological status of these patients. Finally, the saccade frequency in the active fixation task with distracters was not stable in time and was correlated with changes in specific dimensions of psychopathology. These results provide further evidence that saccade and smooth eye pursuit dysfunction measures are not affected by the substantial change in the clinical state of schizophrenia from the acute phase to remission, and strengthen the current view that they can be used as endophenotypes. On the other hand, active fixation might be state-dependent adding to the evidence against its use as a candidate endophenotype in schizophrenia.

Keywords

SchizophreniaPsychosisEye trackingSaccadeAntisaccadeNeurophysiology
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 24 , Issue 1 , 2009 , pp. 17 - 26
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier Masson SAS 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amador, X.F., Malaspina, D., Sackeim, H.A., Coleman, E.A., Kaufmann, C.A., Hasan, A.et al.Visual fixation and smooth pursuit eye movement abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives. J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci 1995;7:197–206Google ScholarPubMed
Amador, X.F., Sackeim, H.A., Mukherjee, S., Halperin, R., Neeley, P., Maclin, E.et al.Specificity of smooth pursuit eye movement and visual fixation abnormalities in schizophrenia. Comparison to mania and normal controls. Schizophr Res 1991;5:135–144CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American psychiatric association, diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders Washington DCAmerican Psychiatric Association 1994Google Scholar
Braff, D.L., Greenwood, T.A., Swerdlow, N.R., Light, G.A., Schork, N.J.Advances in endophenotyping schizophrenia. World Psychiatry 2008;7:11–18CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calkins, M.E., Iacono, W.G.Eye movement dysfunction in schizophrenia: a heritable characteristic for enhancing phenotype definition. Am J Med Genet 2000;97(1):72–763.0.CO;2-L>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calkins, M.E., Iacono, W.G., Curtis, C.E.Smooth Pursuit and antisaccade performance evidence trait stability in schizophrenia patients and their relatives. Int J Psychophysiol 2003;49:139–146CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campion, D., Thibaut, F., Pierre, D., Courtin, P., Pottier, M., Levillain, D.SPEM impairment in drug naive schizophrenic patients: evidence for a trait marker. Biol Psychiatry 1992;32:891–902CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clementz, B.A., McDowell, J.E., Jisook, S.Saccadic system functioning among schizophrenia patients and their first-degree relatives. J Abnorm Psychol 1994;103:277–287CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clementz, B.A., Sweeney, J.A.Is eye movement dysfunction a biological marker for schizophrenia? A methodological review. Psychol Bull 1990;108:77–92CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J.A power primer. Psychol Bull 1992;112:0033–2909CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cortina, J.M., Nouri, H.Effect size for ANOVA designs Thousand Oaks, CASage 2000CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, T.J., Sharma, T., Puri, B.K., Murray, R.M., Berrdge, D.M., Lewis, S.W.Saccadic eye movements in families multiply affected with schizophrenia: the Maudsley family study. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:1703–1710CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curtis, C.E., Calkins, M.E., Grove, W.M., Feil, K.J., Iacono, W.G.Saccadic disinhibition in patients with acute and remitted schizophrenia and their first degree relatives. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:100–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtis, C.E., Calkins, M.E., Iacono, W.G.Saccadic disinhibition in schizophrenia patients and their first-degree biological relatives: a parametric study of the effects of increasing inhibitory load. Exp Brain Res 2001;137:228–236CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diefendorf, A.R., Dodge, R.An experimental study of the ocular reactions of the insane from photographic records. Brain 1908;31:451–489CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ettinger, U., Kumari, V., Chitnis, X.A., Corr, P.J., Crawford, T.J., Fannon, D.G.et al.Volumetric neural correlates of antisaccade eye movements in first-episode psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:1918–1921CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ettinger, U., Kumari, V., Crawford, T.J., Corr, P.J., Das, M., Zachariah, E.et al.Smooth pursuit and antisaccade eye movements in siblings discordant for schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2003;38:177–184CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ettinger, U., Kumari, V., Crawford, T.J., Davis, R.E., Sharma, T., Corr, P.J.Reliability of smooth pursuit, fixation, and saccadic eye movements. Psychophysiology 2003;40:620–628CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evdokimidis, I., Smyrnis, N., Constantinidis, T.S., Stefanis, N.C., Avramopoulos, D., Paximadis, C.et al.The antisaccade task in a sample of 2006 young men: I. Normal population characteristics. Exp Brain Res 2002;147:45–52Google Scholar
Flechtner, K.M., Steinacher, B., Sauer, R., Macket, A.Smooth pursuit eye movements of patients with schizophrenia and affective disorder during clinical treatment. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002;252:49–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fukushima, J., Fukushima, K., Chiba, T., Tanaca, S., Yamashita, I., Kato, M.Disturbances of voluntary control of saccadic eye movements in schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1988;23:670–677CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fukushima, J., Fukushima, K., Morita, N., Yamashita, I.Further analysis of the control of voluntary saccadic eye movements in schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1990;28:943–958CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gooding, D.C., Grabowski, J.A., Henderhot, C.S.Fixation stability in schizophrenia, bipolar, and control subjects. Psychiatry Res 2000;97:119–128CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gooding, D.C., Iacono, W.G., Beiser, M.Temporal stability of smooth pursuit eye tracking in first-episode psychosis. Psychophysiology 1994;31:62–67CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gooding, D.C., Mohapatra, L., Shea, H.B.Temporal stability of saccadic task performance in schizophrenia and bipolar patients. Psychol Med 2004;34:921–932CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottesman, IIGould, T.D.The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J psychiatry 2003;160:636–645CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, M.H., Reilly, J.L., Keshavan, Matcheri S., Sweeney, J.A.Longitudinal studies of antisaccades in antipsychotic-naïve first episode schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2006;36:485–494CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holzman, P.S., Levy, D.L.Smooth pursuit eye movements and functional psychoses: a review. Schizophr Bull 1977;3:15–27CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holzman, P.S., Proctor, L.R., Hughes, DW Eye-tracking patterns in schizophrenia. Science 1973;181:179–181CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutton, S.B., Ettinger, U.The antisaccade task as a research tool in psychopathology: a critical review. Psychophysiology 2006;43:302–313CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iacono, W.G.Psychophysiologic markers of psychopathology: a review. Can Psychol 1985;26:96–112CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iacono, W.G., Clementz, B.A.A strategy for elucidating genetic influences on complex psychopathological syndromes (with special reference to oculomotor functioning in schizophrenia)Chapman, L.J., Chapman, J.P., Fowles, D.Progress in experimental psychopathology research Vol. 16 1993 Springer New York11–65Google Scholar
Katsanis, J., Kortenkamp, S., Iacono, W.G., Grove, W.M.Antisaccade performance in patients with schizophrenia and affective disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 1997;106:468–472CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kay, S.R., Fiszbein, A., Opler, L.A.The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1987;13(2):261–276CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kissler, J., Clementz, B.A.Fixation stability among schizophrenia patients. Neuropsychobiology 1998;38:57–62CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leigh, J.R., Zee, D.S.The neurology of eye movements PhiladelphiaFA David Company 1991Google ScholarPubMed
Levy, D.L., Holzman, P.S., Matthysse, S., Mendell, N.Eye-tracking dysfunction and schizophrenia: a critical perspective. Schizophr Bull 1993;19:461–536CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luce, D.R.Response times New YorkOxford University Press 1986Google Scholar
Lykouras, L., Botsis, A., Oulis, P.Positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) Athens, GreeceMulti-Health Systems Inc 1997Google Scholar
McDowell, J.E., Clementz, B.A.The effect of fixation condition manipulations on antisaccade performance in schizophrenia: studies of diagnostic specificity. Exp Brain Res 1997;115:333–344CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDowell, J.E., Myles-Worsley, M., Coon, H., Byerley, W., Clementz, B.A.Measuring liability for schizophrenia using optimized antisaccade stimulus parameters. Psychophysiology 1999;36:138–141CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mialet, J., Pichot, J.Eye-tracking patterns in schizophrenia. An analysis based on the incidence of saccades. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:183–186CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paus, T.Two modes of central gaze fixation maintenance and oculomotor distractibility in schizophrenics. Schizophr Res 1991;5:145–152CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy-Byrne, P., Radant, A., Wingerson, D., Cowley, D.Human oculomotor function: reliability and diurnal variation. Biol Psychiatry 1995;38:92–97CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sereno, A.B., Holzman, P.S.Antisaccades and smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1995;37:394–401CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smyrnis, N., Evdokimidis, I., Mantas, A., Kattoulas, E., Stefanis, N.C., Avramopoulos, D.et al.Smooth eye pursuit performance of 1087 men: effects of schizotypy, anxiety, and depression. Exp Brain Res 2007;179:397–408CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smyrnis, N., Evdokimidis, I., Stefanis, N.C., Constantinidis, T.S., Avramopoulos, D., Theleritis, C.et al.The antisaccade task in a sample of 2006 young males: II. Effects of task parameters. Exp Brain Res 2002;147:53–63Google Scholar
Smyrnis, N., Kattoulas, E., Evdokimidis, I., Stefanis, N.C., Avramopoulos, D., Pantes, G.et al.Active eye fixation performance in 940 young men: effects of IQ, schizotypy, anxiety and depression. Exp Brain Res 2004;156:1–10Google ScholarPubMed
Snedecor, G.W., Cochran, W.G.Statistical methods 8th ed.IowaIowa State University Press 1989Google Scholar
Sweeney, J.A., Haas, G.L., Li, S., Weiden, P.J.Selective effects of antipsychotic medications on eye-tracking performance in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 1994;54:185–198Google Scholar
Thaker, G.K., Cassady, S., Adami, H., Moran, M., Ross, D.E.Eye movements in spectrum personality disorders: comparison of community subjects and relatives of schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:362–368Google ScholarPubMed
Thaker, G.K. Neurophysiological endophenotypes across bipolar and schizophrenia. Psych Schizophr Bull Advance Access 2008; 1–11Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.