Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T09:41:42.911Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Tobacco use in schizophrenia: a study of cotinine concentrations in the saliva of patients and controls

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Jan-Erik Strand  and
Henrik Nybäck
Jan-Erik Strand
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
Henrik Nybäck*
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry section, Karolinska Institutet, SolnaSweden
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail address: Department of Psychiatry, Jakobsberg Hospital, S-177 31 Järfälla, Sweden. henrik.nyback@nvso.sll.se (H. Nybäck).
Get access

Abstract

Nicotine has been proposed to provide anxiety relief, oral gratification and self-medication of psychotic symptoms in psychiatric patients. In order to investigate the relations between psychopathology and tobacco use we measured the concentration of cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, in the saliva of psychiatric patients and healthy volunteers. In a sample of 42 schizophrenic patients we correlated smoking status, cotinine levels, symptom profiles (PANSS), and neuroleptic side effects (Simpson–Angus). Despite reporting the same amount of cigarettes consumed per day the saliva concentration of cotinine was significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia than in the controls. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics between smoking and non-smoking schizophrenic patients, but smokers tended to be on higher drug doses. High cotinine concentrations correlated significantly with the negative symptoms Passive withdrawal and Social avoidance. The results indicate that the schizophrenic patients smoke cigarettes more intensely than other patients and healthy subjects. The correlation between high cotinine levels and negative symptomatology may reflect an attempt by schizophrenic patients to overcome the emotional withdrawal and thus the results may lend support to a self-medication hypothesis.

Keywords

SmokingNicotineCotinineSchizophreniaPANSS
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 20 , Issue 1 , January 2005 , pp. 50 - 54
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier SAS 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, LE, Hoffer, LD, Wiser, A, Freedman, RNormalization of auditory physiology by cigarette smoking in schizophrenic patients. Am J Psyc 1993;150:1856–1861.Google ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association DSM-III-R: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. revised. Washington (DC): APA; 1987.Google Scholar
Andersson, G, Kazemi Vala, E, Curvall, MThe influence of cigarette consumption and smoking machine yields of tar and nicotine on the nicotine uptake and oral mucosal lesions in smokers. J Oral Pathol Med 1997;26:117–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arneric, SP The therapeutic potential of modulators of functional and dysfunctional neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Proceedings of the IBC’s International Conference on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors as Pharmaceutical Targets. 1997July 24–25; Washington, DC, USAGoogle Scholar
Bejerot, S, Humble, MLow prevalence of smoking among patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatr 1999;40:268–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benowitz, NL, Jacob, PDaily intake of nicotine during cigarette smoking. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984;35:499–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, PBS, Hommer, DW, Pert, A, Skirboll, LRElectrophysiological actions of nicotine on substantia nigra single units. Br J Pharmacol 1985;85:827–835.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, PBS, Pert, AAutoradiographic evidence for nicotine receptors on nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res 1985;348:355–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corvin, A, O’Mahony, E, O’Regan, M, Comerford, C, O’Connell, R, Craddock, N, Gill, MCigarette smoking and psychotic symptoms in bipolar affective disorder. Br J Psychiatr 2001;179:35–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coultas, DB, Stidley, CA, Samet, JMCigarette yields of tar and nicotine and markers of exposure to tobacco smoke. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:435–440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curvall, M, Kazemi Vala, E, Enzell, CSimultaneous determination of nicotine and cotinine in plasma using capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen-sensitive detection. J Chromatogr 1982;232:283–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawe, S, Gerada, C, Russell, MA, Gray, JANicotine intake in smokers increases following a single dose of haloperidol. Psychopharmacol (Berl 1995;117:110–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feyerabend, C, Russell, MAHA rapid gas chromatography method for the determination of cotinine and nicotine in biological fluids. J Pharm Pharmacol 1990;42:450–452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glassman, AHCigarette smoking: implications for psychiatric illness. Am J Psychiatr 1993;50:546–553.Google Scholar
Goff, DC, Henderson, DC, Amico, ECigarette smoking in schizophrenia: relationship to psychopathology and medication side effects. Am J Psychiatr 1992;149:1189–1194.Google ScholarPubMed
Grenhoff, J, Aston-Jones, G, Svensson, TNicotinic effects on the firing pattern of midbarin dopamine neurons. Acta Physiol Scand 1986;128:351–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herning, RI, Jones, RT, Benowitz, NL, Mines, AHHow a cigarette is smoked determines blood nicotine levels. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983;33:84–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, JR, Hatsukami, DK, Mitchell, JE, Dahlgren, LAPrevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatr 1986;143:993–997.Google ScholarPubMed
Jarvis, MJ, Russell, MA, Benowitz, NL, Feyerabend, CElimination of cotinine from body fluids: implications for non-invasive measurement of tobacco smoke exposure. Am J Publ Healt 1988;78:696–698.10.2105/AJPH.78.6.696CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Knorring, L, Lindström, EThe Swedish version of the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;86:463–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohr, JB, Flynn, KSmoking and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1992;8:93–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nisell, M, Nomikos, GG, Svensson, THNicotine dependence, midbrain dopamine systems and psychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Toxicol 1995;76:157–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nybäck, H, Halldin, C, Åhlin, A, Curvall, M, Eriksson, LPET studies of the uptake of (S)- and (R)-[11C] nicotine in the human brain: difficulties in visualizing specific receptor binding in vivo. Psychopharmacology (Berl. 1994;115:31–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Overall, JE, Gorham, DRBrief psychiatric rating scale. Psychol Rep 1962;10:799–812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pérez-Stable, EJ, Benowitz, NL, Marin, GIs serum cotinine a better measure of cigarette smoking than self-report?. Prev Med 1995;24:171–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salokangas, RK, Saarijärvi, S, Taiminen, Tet al.Effect of smoking on neuroleptics in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1997;23:55–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandyk, RCigarette smoking: effects on cognitive functions and drug-induced Parkinsonism in chronic schizophrenia. Int J Neurosci 1993;70:193–197.10.3109/00207459309000574CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simpson, EN, Angus, JWFA rating scale for extrapyramidal side-effects. Acta Psychiatr Scand. Suppl1970 212Google ScholarPubMed
Wagenknecht, LE, Burke, GL, Perkins, LL, Haley, NJ, Friedman, GDMisclassification of smoking status in the CARDIA study: a comparison of self-report with serum cotinine levels. Am J Public Healt 1992;82:33–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagner, B, Wolf, GK, Ulmar, KDoes smoking reduce the risk of neuroleptic parkinsonoids?. Pharmacopsychiatr 1988;21:302–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wonnacott, S, Russell, MAH, Stolerman, IPNicotine psychopharmacolog Oxford University Press; 1990Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.