Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T05:24:37.417Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

In Search of the Popular Subject: Identity Formation, Constitution-making and the Democratic Consolidation of the EU

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2010

Hans-Jörg Trenz
Affiliation:
University of Oslo, Arena, PO Box 1143, Blindern, N-0317, Oslo, Norway. E-mail: http://www.arena.uio.no

Abstract

This article addresses the critical issue of how constitutional designing of the EU is related to the expression of collective identities. A European collective identity is perceived in terms of the discursive representation of the underlying demos of a European democracy. Against the common view that holds the self-identified political community as prior and independent of constitutional designing, it is claimed that democracy rather operates through the identification of popular subjectness. The demos is signified and recognised as distinct and internally coherent through democratic practice. In the empirical part, it is tested out to what extent public debates on EU-constitution-making were linked to the identification of the popular subject of democracy. By drawing on a comparative media survey of constitutional debates from 2002–2007, the article distinguishes different markers of collective identities (national, European or multiple) that were used for representing and signifying democratic subjects in the EU.

Type
Norway and Europe
Copyright
Copyright © Academia Europaea 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References and Notes

1.Offe, C. and Preuss, U. K. (2007) The problem of legitimacy in the European polity: is democratisation the answer? In: C. Crouch and W. Streeck (eds) The Diversity of Democracy. Corporatism, Social Order and Political Conflict (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar).Google Scholar
2.Eriksen, E. O. and Fossum, J. E. (2007) Europe in Transformation. How to Reconstitute Democracy, RECON Online Working Paper 2007/01.Google Scholar
3.Giesen, B. (2003) The collective identity of Europe: constitutional practice or community of memory. In: A. Triandafyllidou and W. Spohn (eds) Europeanisation, National Identities and Migration. Changes in Boundary Constructions between Western and Eastern Europe (London: Routledge).Google Scholar
4.Kaelble, H. (2001) Europäer über Europa. Die Entstehung des modernen europäischen Selbstverständnisses im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt/M: Campus).Google Scholar
5.Kaelble, H. (2009) Identification with Europe and Politicisation of the EU since the 1980s. In: J. Checkel and P. J. Katzenstein (eds) European Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 193–232.Google Scholar
6.Eisenstadt, S. (1987) The European Civilisations in Comparative Perspective (Oslo: Norwegian University Press).Google Scholar
7.Shelley, M. (1995) Aspects of European Cultural Diversity (London: Routledge).Google Scholar
8.Fossum, J. E. (2001) Identity-politics in the European Union. Journal of European Integration, 23(4), 373406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Landfried, C. (2002) Das politische Europa. Differenz als Potential der Europäischen Union (Baden-Baden: Nomos).Google Scholar
10.Cederman, L.-E. and Kraus, P. A. (2004) Transnational communication and the European demos. In: R. Latham and S. Sassen (eds) Digital Formations: Information Technology and New Architectures in the Global Realm (New York: New Press).Google Scholar
11.Bartolini, S. (2005) Restructuring Europe. Centre formation, System Building and Political Structuring Between the Nation State and the EU (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Kohli, M. (2000) The battle-grounds of European identity. European Societies, 2(2), 113137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Bruter, M. (2004) Civic and cultural components of a European identity. a pilot model of measurement of citizens levels of European identity. In: R. Herrmann, T. Risse and M. B. Brewer (eds) Transnational Identities: Becoming European in the EU (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield).Google Scholar
14.Citrin, J. and Sides, J. (2004) Is it the Nation, Europe, or the Nation and Europe? trends in political identities at century’s end. In: R. Herrmann, T. Risse and M. B. Brewer (eds) Transnational Identities: Becoming European in the EU (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield).Google Scholar
15.Brubaker, R. and Cooper, F. (2000) Beyond ‘Identity’. Theory and Society, 29(1), 147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Dryzek, J. S. (2006) Deliberative Global Politics (Cambridge: Polity).Google Scholar
17.Nassehi, A. (2002) Politik des Staates oder Politik der Gesellschaft. Kollektivität als Problemformel des Politischen. In: K.-U. Hellmann and R. Schmalz-Bruns (eds) Theorie der Politik. Niklas Luhmanns politische Soziologie (Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp).Google Scholar
18.Bonacker, T. (2003) Die Gemeinschaft der Entscheider. Zur symbolischen Integration im politischen System. In: K.-U. Hellmann, K. Fischer and H. Bluhm (eds) Das System der Politik. Niklas Luhmanns politische Theorie (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag).Google Scholar
19.Delanty, G. and Rumford, C. (2005) Rethinking Europe (London: Routledge).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Laclau, E. and Mouffe, C. (1985) Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics (London: Verso).Google Scholar
21.Dewey, J. (1990[1927]) The Public and Its Problems: An Essay in Political Inquiry (New York: Holt, 1927; republished Ohio: Swallow Press, 1990).Google Scholar
22.Marres, N. (2005) No issue, no public. democratic deficits after the displacement of politics. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
23.Kantner, C. (2003) Öffentliche politische Kommunikation in der EU. Eine hermeneutisch-pragmatistische Perspektive. In: A. Klein, R. Koopmans, H.-J. Trenz, L. Klein, C. Lahusen and D. Rucht (eds) Bürgerschaft, Öffentlichkeit und Demokratie in Europa (Opladen: Leske + Budrich).Google Scholar
24. It should be noted that Dewey does not defend the state and, in particular the nation state as constitutive for the public sphere. For Dewey, the organisational form of the state is contingent on his function to deal with evil consequences. States can thus principally be expected to transcend culture and territory. Inclusion in the state is ‘by way of effect, not by inherent nature or right’ (Ref. 21, p. 75).Google Scholar
25.Laclau, E. (2005) On Populist Reason (London: Verso).Google Scholar
26.Warner, M. (2002) Publics and Counterpublics (New York: Zone Books).Google Scholar
27.Splichal, S. (2006) In search of a strong European public sphere: some critical observations on conceptualizations of publicness and the (European) public sphere. Media, Culture and Society, 28(5), 695714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Moravcsik, A. (2006) What can we learn from the collapse of the European constitutional project? Politische Vierteljahresschrift, 47(2), 219241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Risse, T. (2004) European institutions and identity change. what have we learned? In: R. Herrmann, T. Risse and M. B. Brewer (eds) Transnational Identities: Becoming European in the EU (Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield).Google Scholar
30.Eder, K. (2008) A Theory of Collective Identity. Making Sense of the Debate on a ‘European Identity’ (Berlin: Humboldt-Universität).Google Scholar
31. The distinction is based on the so-called RECON models of democracy in Europe (see Ref. 2). In this paper, their use as evaluative schemes of the democratic reconstitution of Europe is turned analytical by considering the model building exercises as part of the story telling about European democracy. The question then is how the particular kind of evaluations promoted by political actors or scientists alike enter democratic practice.Google Scholar
32. See Ref. 29 (p. 248) and Checkel, J. and Katzenstein, P. J. (2009) The politicisation of European identities. In: J. Checkel and P. J. Katzenstein (eds) European Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 128, for an understanding of zero-sum and positive sum identity games.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Magnette, P. (2007) How can one be European? Reflections on the pillars of European civic identity. European Law Journal, 13(5), 664679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34. It should be noted that, in spite of these categorizing efforts, there remains a basic ambivalence in the status of ‘constitutional patriotism’ in relation to collective identity formation. It is meant to be a ‘thin identity’ in the sense of being constituted by an attachment to abstract universal norms and principles and thus giving expression to a cosmopolitan vocation. At the same time, it is meant to be a ‘thick identity’ in the sense of being anchored in a historically specific culture and in a particular institutional setting (M. Kumm (2005) To be a European citizen: constitutional patriotism and the treaty establishing a constitution for Europe. In: E. O. Eriksen, J. E. Fossum, M. Kumm and A. J. Menéndez (eds) The European Constitution: The Rubicon Crossed? ARENA Report No. 3/05 (Oslo: ARENA); J. E. Fossum (2007) Constitutional Patriotism: Canada and the European Union. RECON Online Working Paper 2007/04). While the former refers to an undifferentiated and thus basically non-identitarian world, it is only through the latter operation of bringing in social differentiation that a principled need for demarcating an identitarian space emerges.Google Scholar
35.Checkel, J. and Katzenstein, P. J. (2009) The politicisation of European identities. In: J. Checkel and P. J. Katzenstein (eds) European Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Eriksen, E. O. (2006) The EU – a cosmopolitan polity? Journal of European Public Policy, 13(2), 252269.Google Scholar
37. Two leading quality newspapers in Germany (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, FAZ and Süddeutsche Zeitung, SZ) and France (Le Monde and Le Figaro) have been considered. For the whole period from December 2001 until June 2005, a total of 5830 articles were sampled. In order to retain representativeness every second article, and due to the dense coverage in the last phase before the referenda, every third article was selected for coding. The standardised codebook segregated acts of claims-making in terms of (a) actors raising the claim, (b) issues of concern, (c) addressees, (d) action form and level on which action is taken, (e) justifications and (d) attitudes expressed towards the EU and towards approval/disapproval of the CT. For details of the research design see J. E. Fossum and H.-J. Trenz (2007) When the people come in: constitution-making and the belated politicisation of the European Union. In: C. de Vreese and H. Schmitt (eds) A European Public Sphere: How Much of it do we Have and How Much do we Need? Connex Report Series No. 2, Mannheim, 291.329; E. Jentges, H. J. Trenz and R. Vetters (2007) Von der politischen zur sozialen Konstitutionalisierung Europas. Verfassungsgebung als Katalysator europäischer Vergesellschaftung? Politische Vierteljahresschrift, 48(4), 705–729; R. Vetters, E. Jentges and H.-J. Trenz (2009) Whose project is it? Media debates on the ratification of the EU constitutional treaty. Journal of European Public Policy (forthcoming).Google Scholar
38.Statham, P. (2005) Forging divergent and ‘path dependent’ ways to Europe? Political communication over European integration in the British and French public spheres. European Political Communication Working Paper Series 11/05, University of Leeds.Google Scholar
39.Vetters, R., Jentges, E. and Trenz, H.-J. (2009) Whose project is it? Media debates on the ratification of the EU constitutional treaty. Journal of European Public Policy (forthcoming).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40.Stråth, B. (2000) Multiple Europes: integration, identity and demarcation to the other. In: B. Stråth (ed.) Europe and the Other and Europe as the Other (Brussels: P.I.E.-Peter Lang).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.Schulz-Forberg, H. (2007) The EU and the European public sphere. a historical reflection on a current issue. In: B. Stråth and J.-Å. Persson (eds) Europe as Space and Time (Brussels: P.I.E. Peter Lang).Google Scholar
42.Hooghe, L. and Marks, G. (2009) A post-functionalist theory of European integration. British Journal of Political Sciences, 39(1), 123.Google Scholar
43.Kantner, C. (2007) Collective identity as shared ethical self-understanding. The case of the emerging European identity. European Journal of Social Theory, 9(4), 501523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44. Our media survey points out that about one third of all constitutional claims made in the media were justified. This is typical of ‘mediated debates’, in which actors often simply state but do not justify their opinions in relation to others or in which journalists curtail their messages.Google Scholar
45.Hannerz, U. (1992) Cultural Complexity: Studies in the Social Organization of Meaning (New York: Columbia University Press).Google Scholar
46.Delanty, G. (1995) Inventing Europe: Idea, Identity, Reality (London: Macmillan).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47.Bruter, M. (2005) Citizens of Europe? The Emergence of a Mass European Identity (Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48.Eder, K. (2003) Die Besonderheit kollektiver Identitätsbildung in Europa. Eine Suchstrategie zur Antwort auf die Frage nach der ‘Einheit’ in der ‘Vielfalt’. In: P. Deger and R. Hettlage (eds) Die Grenzen Europas. Zur narrativen Konstruktion europäischer Identität (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag), pp. 187208.Google Scholar
49.Beck, U. and Grande, E. (2004) Das kosmopolitische Europa (Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp).Google Scholar