Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T12:29:15.910Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The long 10th century, or the creation of the New Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2009

Abstract

The tenth century was when the spread of Christianity through Europe commenced the transformation of various state and tribal formations into the form that persisted and that we can recognize today. The political and economic development of Islam created a demand for people from which the new states also derived material resources. Trade and plunder led by the Vikings stimulated the formation of states and strengthened them, this was aided further by the existence of a stable network of roads.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Academia Europaea 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Halphen, L. (1947) Charlemagne et l'Empire Carolingien (Paris) p. 3 ff.Google Scholar
2.Wallerstein, I. (1974) The Modern World System (New York) p. 15. J. L.Abu-Lughod (1989) Before European Hegemony. The World System AD 1250–1350 (New York) p. 3 ffGoogle Scholar
3.Kolendo, J. (1997) Central Europe and the Mediterranean World in the 1–5th Centuries AD. In Origins of Central Europe, edited by Urbañczyk, P. (Warsaw) p. 5. H. Brachmann (1997) Tribal organizations in central Europe in the 6th – 10th centuries. Reflections on the ethnic and political development in the second half of the first millenium. In Origins of Central Europe, edited by P.Urbañczyk (Warsaw) p. 23. J. Herrmann (1981) Staatsbildung in Südeuropa und in Mitteleuropa. In Jahrbuch für Geschichte des Feudalismus, 5, 9. H. Wolfram (1987) Die Geburt Mitteleuropas (Wien) passim. G. Labuda (1988) Studia nad poczatkami Pañstwa Polskiego, T.II (Poznañ) p. 167.Google Scholar
4.Fried, J. (1991) Die Formierung Europas 840–1046 (München), particularly p. 43ff, a list of literature. G. Labuda (1993) Polska Piastowska w systemie narodów i pañstw wczesnego seredniowiecza. In Polska Mieszka I, edited by J.M. Piskorski (Poznañ) p. 17. H. Łowmiañski (1970) Poczatki Polski. T.IV (Warszawa) p. 409.Google Scholar
5.Tørestik, D. (1986) Boøzivoj und Svatopluk. Die Entstehung des böhmischen Staates und Grossmähren. In Grossmähren und die Anfänge der tschechoslowakischen Staatlichkeit, edited by Poulik, J, Chrapowsky, B. et al. , (Praha) p. 311.Google Scholar
6.Dvornik, F. (1949) The Making of Central Europe (London). O. Halecki (1950) The Limits and divisions of European History (London) p. 65. A. Gieysztor (1963) Christiana Republica et la politique orientale de l'Empire. In Renovation imperii, p. 41Google Scholar
7.Szücs, J., (1985) Les trois Europes (Paris) p. 49.Google Scholar
8.Łowmiañski, H. (1970) Poczatki Polski, T.IV (Warszawa) p. 150. Urbañczyk, P. (ed) (1997) Changes of power structure during the 1st Millennium AD in the northern part of central Europe. In Origins of Central Europe, p. 43.Google Scholar
9.Pirenne, H. (1937) Mahomet et Charlemagne (Paris) p. 260.Google Scholar
10.Hodges, R. and Whitehouse, D. (1983) Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe. Archeology and the Pirenne thesis (London) p. 16. S. Bolin (1953) Mohammed, Charlemagne and Ruric. In The Scandinavian Economic History Review, 1, 5. Ch. Verlinden (1955) L'ésclavage dans l'Europe Médiévale, v.1, (Bruges) pp. 211, 716. T. Lewicki (1952) Osadnictwo slowiañskie i niewolnicy slowiañscy w krajach muzulmañskich wedlug œredniowiecznych pisarzy arabskich. In Przeglad Historyczny, 43, 473. J. Henning (1992) Gefangenenfesseln im slawischen Siedlungsraum und die europäische Sklavenhandel im 6. bis 12. Jahrhundert. Germania, v.70, 403.Google Scholar
11.Jahnkuhn, H. (1970) Vikingzüge und kulturelle Strömungen in Ostseegebiet während des 9. und 10. Jahrhunderts, (Köln) p. 1. J. v. Klaveren (1956/7) Vikingerzüge in ihrer Bedeutung für die Belebung der Geldwirtschaft. Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, v.168, p. 397. R. G. Skrynnikov (19??) Die Normanen und die Rus. In Zwischen Lübeck und Novgorod, edited by O. Pelc, G. Pickhan (Lüneburg) p. 17. K.Heller (1993) Die Normanen in Osteuropa (Berlin) pp. 25, 56, 91 (a list of latest literature).Google Scholar
12.Clarke, H. B. (ed) (1985) The Comparative History of Urban Origins in Non-Roman Europe (Oxford) p. 23.Google Scholar
13.Noonan, Th. F. (1997) The Islamic World, Russia and the Vikings, 750–900. The Numismatic Evidence (Minneapolis). B. Hardh (1976) Wikingerzeitliche Depotfunde aus Südschweden (Bonn) p. 173. R. Kiersnowski (1961) Kilka uwag o znaleziskach monet wczesnoseredniowiecznych Polabia. Slavia Antiqua, 8, 161.Google Scholar
14.Buko, A. (1994) Origins of towns in southern Poland; the example of medieval Sandomierz. In ‘Origins of medieval towns in temperate Europe’. Archaeologia Polona, 32, 171.Google Scholar