Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T02:53:48.273Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Absent Cause of World Literature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 April 2013

Robert Folger*
Affiliation:
Utrecht University, Department of Language, Literature, and Communication, Trans 10, 3512JK Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: r.a.folger@uu.nl

Abstract

The resurgence of World Literature must be seen in relation to the economization of all spheres of life. Traditional, ‘specialized’ literary criticism replicates literature's power to interpellate subjects characterized by attention. Both literature and state funded literary criticism in research and teaching are currently under siege because they are counter-hegemonic in relation to a lifeworld shaped by a global attention deficit syndrome, which is the bedrock of a hypertrophic consumerism. Recent proposals for writing histories and systematic descriptions of World Literature are complicit with this move because they champion, to the detriment of deep attention, the relevance, mobility, exchange value, and translatability of texts, successfully competing with traditional ‘painstaking’ practices of literary criticism for ever dwindling institutional resources.

Type
Focus: Writing a History of European Literature as Part of a World History of Literature
Copyright
Copyright © Academia Europaea 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References and Notes

1.D'haen, T. (2012) The Routledge Concise History of World Literature (London, New York: Routledge).Google Scholar
2.Born, J., Folger, R., Laferl, C. and Pöll, B. (eds) (2011) Handbuch Spanisch: Sprache, Literatur, Kultur, Geschichte in Spanien und Hispanoamerika für Studium, Lehre, Praxis (Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag).Google Scholar
3. See the priorities for the coming decade which the European Commission for Learning and Training has indentified in its 2009 Leuven (Louvain/Löwen/Lovaina) Comunique.Google Scholar
4.Jameson, F. (1981) The Political Unconscious (London and New York: Routledge).Google Scholar
5. Jameson elaborates here on Althusser's notion of the ‘absent cause’, which the latter had derived from Lacan's Real. For Jameson, History is the absent cause for the real conditions of our existence and the contradictions in a society. It is ‘absent’ because in its totality it is outside the realm of the expressible (the Symbolic).Google Scholar
6. This is Jameson's argument for the ‘allegoric’ quality of ‘Third-World’ literature, see F. Jameson (1986) Third-world literature in the era of multinational capitalism. Social Text, 15, 65–88. In spite of the dated and, perhaps, unfortunate terminology which has drawn caustic criticism, Jameson's insistence on the essential difference between literature in the Western sense and ‘peripheral literature’ is valid; see Szeman, I. (2001) Who's afraid of national allegory? Jameson, literary criticism, globalization. The South Atlantic Quarterly, 100, pp. 803827.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7. According to Rodolphe Gasché, the attack on Europeanism and advocacy of universalism is a ruse to spread European ideas of the Human to the world. Gasché, R. (2009) Europe, or the Infinite Task: A Study of a Philosophical Concept (Stanford: Stanford University Press).Google Scholar
8.Kadir, D. (2004) To World, to globalize – comparative literature's crossroads. Comparative Literature Studies, 41, pp. 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Althusser, L. (1995) Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’état (notes pour une recherche). Sur la reproduction (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France), pp. 269314. The essay was originally published in the review La pensée (1970) and subsequently revised. I use the 1995 re-publication of the extended version.Google Scholar
10. Regarding the notion of interpellation in particular, see S. Žižek (2001) Die Tücke des Subjekts. [The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology. 1999]. Trans. E. Gilmer, A. Hofbauer, H. Hildebrandt and A. von der Heiden (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2001), pp. 352–356; and Benjamin Scharmacher's monograph – Scharmacher, B. (2004) Wie die Menschen Subjekte werden: Einführung in Althussers Theorie der Anrufung (Marburg: Tectum).Google Scholar
11. Regarding ‘orthodox’ Marxist concepts of ideology, see Williams, R. (1977) Marxism and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 5571.Google Scholar
12.Mowitt, J. (1988) Foreword. Paul Smith, Discerning the Subject. Theory and History of Literature, 55 (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press).Google Scholar
13.Foucault, M. (1994) L’écriture de soi. In: D. Defert and F. Ewald (Eds) Dits et écrits, Vol. 4 (Paris: Gallimard). 415430.Google Scholar
14. I have studied this process in relation to Spanish Literature in Folger, R. (2009) Escape From the Prison of Love: Caloric Identities and Writing Subjects in Fifteenth-Century Spain. North Carolina Studies in the Romance Languages and Literatures, 292 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press).Google Scholar
15. Stiegler opposes this form of attention to the hyper attention created by televisual media, which is equivalent to a lack of attention. Stiegler, B. (2008) Prendre Soin. De la jeunesse et des générations (Paris: Flammarion).Google Scholar
16.Striedter, J. (1989) Literary Structure, Evolution, and Value (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Borges, J.L. (1996) Pierre Menard, autor del Quijote, Obras completas. Vol. 1: 1975–1988 [sic] (Buenos Aires: Emecé), pp. 444450.Google Scholar
18. Hans-Ulrich Gumbrecht argues that philology produces the presence of the past in its practitioners, emphasising that the power of philology is the ‘lack of purpose’ and the deferring of quick solutions and reactions. Gumbrecht, H.-U. (2003) Die Macht der Philologie (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp).Google Scholar
19. The term goes back to Edmund Husserl's phenomenology. I use it here in the sense given to it by sociologists Alfred Schütz and Thomas Luckner, ‘als unbefragter Boden der natürlichen Weltanschauung’. Luckmann, T. and Schütz, A. (1991) Strukturen der Lebenswelt. Vol. 1. 4th ed. (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp), pp. 2529.Google Scholar
20. The distinction goes back to Williams, R. (1977) Marxism and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press). 121127.Google Scholar
21.Moretti, F. (2000) Conjectures on world literature. New Left Review, 1, pp. 5468.Google Scholar
22.Damrosch, D. (2003) What is World Literature? (Princeton: Princeton University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. See also Apter, E. (2006) The Translation Zone: A New Comparative Literature (Princeton: Princeton University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Casanova, P. (2004) The World Republic of Literatures. Trans. M. B. DeBevoise (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press) – original La République mondiale des lettres (Paris: Seuil, 1999).Google Scholar
25.Porter, D. (2011) The crisis of comparison and the world literature debates. The Modern Language Association of America. Profession 2011 (New York: MLA), pp. 244258.Google Scholar
26.Moretti, F. (2005) Graphs, Maps, Trees: Abstract Models for Literary Studies (London: Verso).Google Scholar
27.European Commission Learning and Training (2012) The Bologna Process – towards the European higher education area. 23 February 2012. http://ec.europa.eu/education/higher-education/doc1290_en.htm.Google Scholar
28.European Ministers of Education (2012) The Bologna Declaration of 19 June 1999. 23 February 2012. http://www.bologna-bergen2005.no/Docs/00-Main_doc/990719BOLOGNA_DECLARATION.PDF.Google Scholar
29.Benjamin, W. (1978) Über den Ursprung des deutschen Trauerspiels (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp).Google Scholar
30.Jameson, F. (1986) Third-world literature in the era of multinational capitalism. Social Text, 15, 6588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar