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Delivery of molecularly targeted therapy to malignant glioma, a disease of the whole brain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 May 2011

Sagar Agarwal ,
Ramola Sane ,
Rajneet Oberoi ,
John R. Ohlfest  and
William F. Elmquist
Sagar Agarwal
Affiliation:
Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Ramola Sane
Affiliation:
Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Rajneet Oberoi
Affiliation:
Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
John R. Ohlfest
Affiliation:
Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
William F. Elmquist*
Affiliation:
Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
*
*Corresponding author: William F. Elmquist, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. E-mail: elmqu011@umn.edu
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Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme, because of its invasive nature, can be considered a disease of the entire brain. Despite recent advances in surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, current treatment regimens have only a marginal impact on patient survival. A crucial challenge is to deliver drugs effectively to invasive glioma cells residing in a sanctuary within the central nervous system. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) restricts the delivery of many small and large molecules into the brain. Drug delivery to the brain is further restricted by active efflux transporters present at the BBB. Current clinical assessment of drug delivery and hence efficacy is based on the measured drug levels in the bulk tumour mass that is usually removed by surgery. Mounting evidence suggests that the inevitable relapse and lethality of glioblastoma multiforme is due to a failure to effectively treat invasive glioma cells. These invasive cells hide in areas of the brain that are shielded by an intact BBB, where they continue to grow and give rise to the recurrent tumour. Effective delivery of chemotherapeutics to the invasive glioma cells is therefore critical, and long-term efficacy will depend on the ability of a molecularly targeted agent to penetrate an intact and functional BBB throughout the entire brain. This review highlights the various aspects of the BBB, and also the brain–tumour-cell barrier (a barrier due to expression of efflux transporters in tumour cells), that together can significantly influence drug response. It then discusses the challenge of glioma as a disease of the whole brain, which lends emphasis to the need to deliver drugs effectively across the BBB to reach both the central tumour and the invasive glioma cells.

Type
Review Article
Information
Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine , Volume 13 , March 2011 , e17
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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Further reading, resources and contacts

Van Meir, E.G. et al. (2010) Exciting new advances in neuro-oncology: the avenue to a cure for malignant glioma. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 60, 166-193Google ScholarPubMed
Berens, M.E. and Giese, A. (1999) “…those left behind.” Biology and oncology of invasive glioma cells. Neoplasia 1, 208-19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lagas, J.S., Vlaming, M.L. and Schinkel, A.H. (2009) Pharmacokinetic assessment of multiple ATP-binding cassette transporters: the power of combination knockout mice. Molecular Interventions 9, 136-45CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed