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Developments under the ADJR Act: The Grounds of Review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 January 2025

John McMillan
John McMillan*
Affiliation:
Law Faculty, Australian National University
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Extract

Administrative law folklore in Australia concentrated for so long on the amusing British cases that portrayed courts as unpredictable and interventionist. Colourful examples included Roberts v Hopwood, which saw the proposal of the Poplar Borough Council to pay equal wages to men and women overturned as an eccentric and feminist exercise in socialistic philanthropy; Prescott v Birmingham Corporation, which displayed the same judicial aversion to a Council proposal to provide free bus transport to elderly pensioners; and Padfield v Minister of Agriculture, which disparaged a naively expressed but politically understandable Ministerial decision not to conduct an enquiry into inefficiencies in a milk marketing scheme.

The Australian reality, it was often overlooked, was usually more predictable and less interventionist. A predominant theme was the pertinence of judicial restraint in penetrating the exercise of a broad administrative discretion. Accordingly, some of the foundation cases of Australian administrative law reached conclusions which, by contemporary standards, seem astonishing.

Type
Research Article
Information
Federal Law Review , Volume 20 , Issue 1 , March 1991 , pp. 50 - 82
Copyright
Copyright © 1991 The Australian National University

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Footnotes

Revised version of a paper presented at the Conference “Ten Years of the Federal Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act” in september 1990

References

1 [1925] AC 578.

2 [1955] Ch 210.

3 [1968] AC 997.

4 (1947) 74 CLR 492, 505 per Dixon J.

5 (1933) 49 CLR 142.

6 (1977) 137 CLR 396.

7 R v Toohey; ex parte Northern Land Council (1981) 151 CLR 170, and F Al Insurances Ltd v Winneke (1982) 151 CLR 342.

8 Church of Scientology Inc v Woodward (1982) 154 CLR 25; see also Alister v R (1984) 154 CLR 404.

9 R v Toohey; ex parte Northern Land Council (1981) 151 CLR 170, and Bread Manufacturers of New South Wales v Evans (1981) 38 ALR 93.

10 See the discussion in Minister for Arts, Heritage and Environment v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1987) 75 ALR 218, and South Australia v O'Shea (1987) 163 CLR 378.

11 (1985) 159 CLR 550.

12 (1986) 162 CLR 24.

13 Eg Sezdirmezoglu v Acting Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1983) 51 ALR 561, Waniewska v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1986) 70 ALR 284, Taveli v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1989) ALR 435, and on appeal (1990) 94 ALR 177, and Chaudary v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1989) 19 ALO 496.

14 Eg Minister for Arts, Heritage and Environment v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1987) 75 ALR 218 per Wilcox J; Allorney-General (NSW) v Quin (1990) 64 ALJR 327 per Brennan J; Re Ditfort; ex parte Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (NSW) (1988) 83 ALR 265; Century Metals and Mining NL v Yeomans (1989) 100 ALR 383; see also Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond (1990) 170 CLR 321 per Mason CJ.

15 The ground is defmed thus ins 5(2)(b) of the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Qh): “failing to take a relevant cansideration into account in the exercise of a power.

16 Eg Shrimpton v Commonwealth (1945) 69 CLR 613.

17 Eg SD, Hotop, Principles of Autralian Administrative Law (1985, 6th ed) 225Google Scholar, and M, Aronson N, Franklin, Review of Administrative Action (1987) 31Google Scholar.

18 Eg as stated by Mason J in Minister for Aborigiml Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 24

19 Vituto v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1985) 8 ALN 238, 239, and Singh v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (198S) 9 ALN 13, 15.

20 Barim Corporation v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (NSW) (1985) 59 ALR 401,412.

21 (1986) 162 CLR 24.

22 (1986) 2162 CLR 24, 31.

23 Nikac v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1988) 16 ALO 611.

24 Prasad v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1985) 65 ALR 549, 563(ascribing this error to the ground of “unreasonableness”).

25 Videto v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (No 2) (1985) 8 ALN 238, 239.

26 Respectively: Prasad v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1985) 65 ALR 549; and Ertan v Hurford (1986) 72 ALR 695.

27 Somaghi v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1991) 102 ALR 339.

28 Singh v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1985) 9 ALN 13, and Waniewska v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1986) 70 ALR 284. See also Buksh v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1991) 102 ALR 647.

29 Videto v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (No 2) (1985) 8 ALN 238.

30 Tagle v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1983) 46 ALR 379, 387; affirmed (1983) 48 ALR 566.

31 Eg Sean Investments Pty Ltd v MacKellar (1981) 38 ALR 363, 370, and Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 24, 31-32 per Gibbs CJ; cf Lam v Victorian Stale Director of Immigration (1988) 15 ALO 770.

32 Khan v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs, as quoted in Hindi v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1988) 91 ALR 586, 597.

33 Singh v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1987) 15 FCR 4, 10.

34 Pashmforoosh v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1989) 18 ALD77, 80.

35 O'Sullivan v Farrer (1989) 168 CLR 210,216 per Mason CT, Brennan, Dawson and Gaudron JJ; see also R v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal; ex parte 2HD Pty Ltd (1979) 144 CLR 45.

36 (1981) 38 ALR 363,375 (emphasis added); affinned (1982) 42 ALR 676.

37 Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 24, 39-40 per Mason J.

38 (1981) 38 ALR 363, 375.

39 (1988) 78 ALR 419, 429; contra Taveli v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1989) 86 ALR 435, 451. Other examples where it was held that there was no implied statutory obligation to consider a matter include: taxation - Claru & Kann v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (Qld) (1983) 50 ALR 351; repatriation -Bastiani v Repatriation Commission (1985) 60 ALR 557; prosecutorial discretion - Reid v Nairn (1985) 60 ALR 209; and grant of land rights - R v Toohey; ex parte Meneling Station Pty Ltd (1982) 158 CLR 327.

40 For instances see: grant of land rights - Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 24; deportation - Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Tagle (1983) 48 ALR 566, Waniewska v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1986) 70 ALR 284; taxation - ARM Constructions Pty Ltd v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (NSW) (1986) 65 ALR 343; compensation - Baker v Australian Telecommunications Commission (1987) 75 ALR 504; visa entry - Azemoudeh v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1985) 8 ALD 281; and nursing home fee determination -Alexandra Private Geriatric Hospital Pty Lld v Blewett (1985) 68 ALR 222. As to whether an obligation may exist to consider humanitarian principles, see the cases discussed by P, Bayne, “Administrative law, human rights and international humanitarian law” (1990) 64 ALJ 203Google Scholar.

41 Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 24,56.

42 Laremont v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1985) 9 ALN 13.

43 Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 24, 44-45. See also eg Sezdlrmezoglu v Acting Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1983) 51 ALR 561.

44 Haj-lsmail v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1981) 36 Al.R 516.

45 (1976) 136 CLR 1.

46 Ibid 211 per Mason J. Cf Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Maitan (1988) 78 ALR 419,429, where it was said (per Beaumont and Gummow JJ) that failure to consider a matter “may amount to a failure to address the real question required by the legislation to be addressed;.

47 Singh v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1985) 9 ALN 13.

48 The ground is defined thus in s 5(2)(g) of the ADJR Act: “an exercise of power that is so unreasonable that no reasonable person could have so exercised the power;.

49 Eg Williams v Melbourne Corporation (1933) 49 CLR 142.

50 Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] l KB 223,230.

51 Eg Wilcox Jin Prasad v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1985) 65 ALR 549, fmding only three previous cases, and referring to the “paucity of judicial exegesis.; (560).

52 Though cf the discussion in Prasad, id, and Taveli v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1989) 86 ALR 435.

53 (1989) 169 CLR 379.

54 Ibid 407

55 The latter explanation has been adopted in Detsongjarus v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1990) 21 ALD 139, and Federal Commissioner of Taxation v McCabe (1990) 21 ALD 740.

56 Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374. For a simplication of the grounds along similar lines in Australia, see the judgment of Deane J in Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond (1990) 170 CLR 321.

57 (1986) 159 CLR 656.

58 Padfield v Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food [1968) AC 997, 1053-4 per Lord pearce.

59 Bromley London Borough City Council v Greater London Council [1983) 1 AC 768, 821 per Lord Diplock.

60 PamJmalta City Council v Pestell (1972) 128 CLR 305,323 per Menzies J.

61 Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs v Pashmforoosh (1989) 18 ALO 77, 80 per the Full Court.

62 Taveli v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1989) 86 ALR 435, 453 per Wilcox J.

63 Eg Azzopardi v Tasman UEB Industries Ltd (1985) 4 NSWLR 139, and Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond (1990) 170 CLR 321,356 per Mason CJ.

64 Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 24, 41.

65 Waterford v Commonwealth (1987) 163 CIR 54, 77.

66 (1986) 76 AI.R 221.

67 Ibid 249.

68 (1990) 170 CLR 321,355.

69 Eg Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Pochi (1980) 31 ALR 666, 688 (per Deane J), and see also the discussion by Deane Jin Bond (1990) 170 CLR 321, 366. Note, however, that Mason CJ in Bond used the concepts “absence of evidence” and “no probative evidence” interchangeably (ibid 356, 359), and commented (ibid 357) that the approach in Pochi, id, and English cases cited therein had not so far been accepted by the High Court.

70 Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs v Pashmforoosh (1989) 18 ALO 77, 80 (per the Full Court) - a statement described as “unobjectionable” by Mason CJ in Bond (1990) 170 CLR 321, 359.

71 Akers v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1988) 16 ALO 688, 694 (per Lee J).

72 Respectively, from Laremont and Peko, quoted in supra nn 42 and 43.

73 For recent illustrations of this approach see Detsongjarus v Minister for Immigration, Local Governmelll and Ethnic Affairs (1990) 21 ALO 139, and Federal Commissioner of Taxation v McCabe (1990) 21 ALO 740.

74 InPrasad; see supra text at n 24.

75 (1984) 6 ALD 134.

76 (1985] 2 All ER 1107.

77 Ibid 1113 per Lord Templeman.

78 Eg Barbaro (Vincenzo) v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1982) 6 ALD 24. and Nevistic v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1981) 34 ALR 639. See also ADJR ss 5(2)(t) and (e).

79 Re Dralu and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (No 2) (1979) 2 ALD 634, 639 per Brennan J.

80 (1988) 83 ALR 121 (the growid applied by the Court was “abuse of power”, s 5(2) 0)).

81 (1985) 68 ALR 222.

82 Eg Hindi v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1988) 91 ALR 586 seems a clear example.

83 (1989) 86 ALR 435,453.

84 (1988) 83 ALR 99.

85 (1989) 169 CLR 379,408; see supra n 53.

86 This growid is defined thus ins 5(l)(a) of the ADJR Act: “that a breach of the rules of natural justice occurred in connection with the making of the decision.”

87 [1964] AC 40.

88 Eg Dunlop v Woollahra Municipal Council [1975] 2 NSWLR 446; not followed in Gardner v Dairy Industry AUlhority of New SoUlh Wales [1977] l NSWLR 505, and White v Ryde Municipal Council [1977] 2 NSWLR 909.

89 “Procedural fairness” is the term used most frequently by the federal courts since its adoption by Mason Jin Kica v West (1985) 159 CLR 550.

90 Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Pochi (1980) 31 ALR 666.

91 Eg Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 24, 45-46 per Mason J, Village Roadshow Corporation Ltd v Sheehan (1987) 75 ALR 539, and Century Metals and Mining NL v Yeomans (1989) 100 ALR 383.

92 Cf Salemi v MacKellar (No 2) (1977) 137 CLR 396, and Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550. Migration matters constituted 50% of ADJR Act applications in 1990: Administrative Review Cowtcil, Fifteenth Annual Report (1990-91).

93 (1863) 14 CB (NS) 180, 143 ER 414, 418 per Willes J; 420 per Byles J.

94 John v Rees [1969] 2 All ER 274, 309.

95 Mcinnes v Onslow Fane [1978) 3 All ER 211,223.

96 Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550, 628-629.

97 Eg Mcinnes v Onslow Fane [1978] 3 All ER 211.

98 Eg Salemi v MacKellar (No 2) (1977) 137 CLR. 396, and R v MacKellar; ex parle Ratu (1977) 137 CLR 461.

99 There was only a brief elaboration of principles by Wilson J, but the approach was broadly similar to that of Deane J. Gibbs CJ dissented.

100 (1985) 159 CLR 550, 619.

101 Ibid 588.

102 Twist v Council of Municipality of Randwick (1976) 136 CLR 106, 109-110.

103 Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550,663.

104 Ibid 380.

105 Eg Mcinnes v Onslow Fane (1978) 3 All ER 211, FA! Insurances Ltd v Winneke (1982) 151 CLR 363,361 per Mason J, 378 per Aickin J, and Cole v Cunningham (1983) 49 ALR 123, 128. Although some judges will interpret the concept of interest more liberally than others: cf eg Gibbs CJ and Deane Jin Kioa v West id.

106 Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550,615.

107 Sinnathamby v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1986) 10 ALN 86. See also Somaghi v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1991) 102 ALR 339, 343, 348.

108 Minister of State for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs v Pashmforoosh (1989) 18 ALD 77, 78-9 (judgment of the Full Court).

109 Taveli v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1989) 86 ALR 435,447; on appeal, (1990) 94 ALR 177.

110 Sinnathamby v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1986) 10 ALN 86.

111 Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550, 588 per Mason J.

112 Youssef v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1987) 14 ALD 550, 552 per ML Foster J. See also Brennan Jin Kioa: “It is not sufficient for the repository of the power to endeavour to shut information of that kind out of his mind and to reach a decision without reference to it” ((1985) 159 CLR 550, 629).

113 Youssef.ibid 551.

114 (1986) 68 ALR 423. The decision was reversed by the Full Court, but not on the point dealt with in the text: (1986) 68 ALR 441.

115 (1968) 68 ALR 423, 432.

116 Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550,584 per Mason J.

117 (1986) 70 ALR 523.

118 Minister for Arts, Heritage and Environment v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1987) 75 ALR 218.

119 (1986) 67 ALR 46 (Full Federal Court), and (1985) 9 ALN N52 (Neaves J).

120 (1990) 169 CLR 648.

121 Though separate stages of a single decision for the purposes of natural justice theory, the stages were nevertheless capable of being treated as separate “decisions” for the purposes of ss 3 and 5 of the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth), in the sense that either stage could be the subject of a separate judicial review action: see Bond v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (1990) 170 CLR 321.

122 Eg Calvin v Carr [1980] AC 574, Bushell v Secretary of State for IM Environment [1981] AC 75, and South Australia v O'SMa (1987) 163 CLR 378.

123 This issue was addressed by Deane and Toohey JJ, and was the issue on which Dawson and Gaudron JJ dissented.

124 (1987) 163 CLR 378.

125 Eg differences were expressed on whether there is a right to be heard on matters of policy (cf Mason CJ (ibid 388-389) and Brennan J (ibid 409-410), on whether the decision affected an interest of O'Shea (cf Wilson and Toohey JJ (ibid 402), and Deane J) (ibid 418), and on the relevance of Cabinet's involvement in the decision (cf Mason CJ (ibid 387-388) and Wilson and Toohey JJ (ibid 402-403).

126 (1990) 169 CLR 648,653. See also Century Metals and Mining NL v Yeomans (1989) 100 ALR 383, 409 (Full Court).

127 Minister for Arts, Heritage and Environment v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1987) 75 ALR 218,251.

128 Eg Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs v Pashmforoosh (1989) 18 ALO 77, Somaghi v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1991) 102 ALR 339 (where the Full Court assumed the doctrine applied), and Conyngham v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1986) 68 ALR 423. The principle could in any case probably be incorporated within existing doctrine – for example, by contending that a person has a reasonable expectation that any decision concerning them will be made in a regular and predictable way, by reference solely to information supplied by the person and to known government policies.

129 Eg Mcinnes v Onslow Fane [1978] 3 All E R 211, 219F. Cf however Koppen v Commissioner for Community Relations (1986) 67 ALR 215, in which such an enquiry was made.

130 Eg GTE (Australia) Pty Ltd v Brown (1986) 76 ALR 221.

131 See the cases in supra n 86.

132 [1967] 2 AC 337.

133 (1977) 137 CLR 396.

134 (1982) 151 CLR 342.

135 Recent examples in which it was held that natural justice did not apply, notwithstanding that a protected interest was affected, include Bread Manufacturers of New South Wales v Evans (1981) 38 ALR 93, Nashua Australia Pty Ltd v Channon (1981) 36 ALR 215, South Australia v O'Shea (1987) 163 CLR 378, and Twist v Council of Municipality of Randwick (1976) 136 CLR 106.

136 Eg Commissioner of Police v Tanos (1958) 98 CLR 383 (property interest), and Dixon v Commonwealth (1981) 55 FLR 34 (occupational interest).

137 Eg Haoucher v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1990) 169 CLR 648,683 per McHughJ.

138 See eg Koppen v Commissioner for CommuniJy Relations (1986) 67 ALR 215, and Laws v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (1989) 85 ALR 659, and on appeal (1990) 170 CLR 70,and Annetts v McCann (1990) 170 CLR 596.

139 Eg Salemi v MacKellar (No 2) (1977) 137 CLR 396, 420-1 per Gibbs J; 442 per Stephen J.

140 Eg Salemi v MacKellar (No 2) (1977) 137 CLR 396, 452 per Jacobs J; Kioa v West (1985)CLR 550, 584 per Mason J, 619 per Brennan J.

141 Minister for Arts, HeriJage and Environment v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1987) 75 ALR 218, 249- 250 per Wilcox J.

142 Ridge v Baldwin [1964) AC 40, and Bread Manufacturers of New South Wales v Evans (1981) 38 ALR 93.

143 Eg Mcinnes v Onslow Fane [1978) 3 All ER 211, and Forbes v NSW Trotting Club Ltd (1979) 143 CLR 242.

144 Eg Coutts v Commonwealth (1985) 157 CLR 91, and Minister for Arts, Heritage and Environment v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1987) 75 ALR 218.

145 “Sydney” Training Depot Snapper Island Ltd v Brown (1981) 14 ALO 464.

146 Attorney-General (NSW) v Quin (1990) 169 CLR 307.

147 Marine Hull & LiabiliJy Insurance Co Ltd v Hurford (1985) 62 ALR 253, 259.

148 Eg FAI Insurances Ltd v Winneke (1982) 151 CLR 342,363 per Masoo J.

149 Eg Salemi v MacKellar (No 2) (1977) 137 CLR 396 per Gibbs J; Bread Manufacturers of New South Wales v Evans (1981) 38 ALR 93, Nashua Australia Pty Ltd v Channon (1981) 36 ALR 215, and South Australia v O'Shea (1987) 163 CLR 378 per Wilson, Toohey, and Brennanil.

150 Eg Salemi v MacKellar (No 2) (1977) 137 CLR 396 per Stephen J; FAI Insurances Ltd v Winneke (1982) 151 CLR 342.

151 SouJh Australia v O'Shea (1987) 163 CLR 378, 389 per Mason CJ; Hauocher v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1990) 169 CLR 648.

152 See cases referred to in supra n 10. Some judges still regard the conferral of a power on the Governor as a factor to be considered, eg FAI Insurances Ltd v Winneke (1982) 151 CLR 342, 397 per Wilson J; cf Mason CJ in South Australia v O'Shea (1987) 163 CLR 378, 386.

153 Twist v Municipality of the Council of Randwick (1976) 136 CLR 106.

154 Eg Twist, ibid, Ackroyd v Whitehouse (1985) 2 NSWLR 239, and Marine Hull & Liability Insurance Co Ltd v Hurford (1985) 62 ALR 253 (Wilcox J) and (1986) 67 ALR 77 (Full Coun) (raising but not resolving whether a right to appeal to the Commonwealth Administrative Appeals Tribunal will as a matter of general principle displace the obligation to observe natural justice at the primary stage of decision making).

155 Commissioner of Police v Tanos (1958) 98 CLR 383, 396 per Dixon CJ and Webb J.

156 Marine Hull & Liability Insurance Co Ltd v Hurford (1985) 62 ALR 253, 260; cf Heatley v Tasmanian Racing and Gaming Commission (1977) 137 CLR 487,514 per Aickin J.

157 Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550,586 per Mason J, 633 per Deane J.

158 Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374.

159 South Australia v O'Shea (1987) 163 CLR 378 per Mason CJ, and Wilson and Toohey JJ; but cf Haoucher v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1990) 169 CLR 648.

160 (1981) 38 ALR 93, 114.

161 (1965) 113 CLR 177, 201-202per Menzies J, 205 per Windeyer J.

162 (1977) 139 C1.R 54, 83 per Mason J, 116 per Aickin J.

163 (1979) 2 ALO 634, 639-640.

164 (1977) 13 ALR 1.

165 Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Tagle (1983) 48 ALR 566.

166 Eg Ahern v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (Qld) (1983) 50 ALR 177.

167 Rendell v Release on Licence Board (1987) 14 ALO 134.

168 [1971] AC 610.

169 Approved eg in Peninsula Anglican Boys' School v Ryan (1985) 69 ALR 555.

170 (1981) 38 ALR 93, 105.

171 (1987) 69 ALR 555.

172 Ibid 567-568.

173 (1987) 14 ALO 134.

174 (1990) 94 ALR 207.

175 (1988) 15 ALO 410.

176 Id.

177 (1983) 47 ALR 158, 189. See also Bosnjak's Bus Service Pty Ltd v Commissioner for Transport (1970) 92 WN (NSW) 1003, and Perder Investments Pty Ltd v Lightowler (1990) 101 ALR 151.

178 Rendell v Release on Licence Board (1987) 14 ALD 134 per Kirby P, Priestley and Clarice JJA; see also Nikac v Minister for lrrvnigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1988) 92 ALR 167.

179 Attorney-General (NSW) v Quin (1990) 170 CLR 1, 17.

180 Eg Minister for lrrvnigration v Kurtovic (1990) 92 ALR 93, 111 per Gummow J.

181 Re Drake and Minister for lrrvnigration (No 2) (1979) 2 ALD 634,642 per Brennan J.

182 (1987) 14 ALD 351, 359, 361. See also Howells v Nagrad Nominees Pty Ltd (1982) 43 ALR 283, 307 per Fox and Franki JJ, and Australian Conservation Foundation Inc v Commonwealth (1980) 146 CLR 493,524 per Gibbs CJ.

183 (1988) 92 ALR 167.

184 (1986) 68 ALR 423; reversed, (1986) 68 ALR 441.

185 (1987) 73 ALR 523; reversed, (1987) 76 ALR 339.

186 Eg Allorney-General of Hong Kong v Ng Yuen Shiu (1983) 2 AC 629 and Douglas v Allen (1984) 1 FCR 287. Contra Peninsula Anglican Boys' School v Ryan (1985) 69 ALR 555,570.

187 (1988) 92 ALR 167, 180.

188 Nikac, ibid 179; Gerah Imports Pty Ltd v Minister for Industry, Technology and Commerce (1987) 14 ALD 351,363.

189 FAI Insurances Ltd v Winneke (1982) 151 CLR 342 (High Court), reversing a decision of the Full Bench of the Supreme Court of Victoria, unreported.

190 Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550 (High Court), reversing a decision of the Full Court of the Federal Court (1984) 55 ALR 669.

191 Public Service Board of NSW v Osmond (1986) 159 CLR 656 (High Court), reversing a decision of the NSW Court of Appeal [1984] 3 NSWLR 442.

192 Conyngham v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1986) 68 ALR 441 (Full Court of the Federal Court), reversing a decision of the Federal Court (Wilcox J) (1986) 68 ALR 423.

193 South Australia v O'Shea (1987) 163 CLR 378 (High Court), reversing a decision of a Full Bench of the Supreme Court of South Australia (1986) 44 SASR 507.

194 Minister for Arts, Heritage and Environment v Peko-Wallsend ltd (1987) 75 ALR 218 (Full Court of the Federal Court), reversing a decision of the Federal Court (Beaumont J) (1986) 70 ALR 523.

195 Park Oh Ho v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1989) 167 CLR 637 (High Court), reversing a decision of the Full Court of the Federal Court (1988) 81 ALR 288.

196 Chan Yee Kin v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1989) 169 CLR 379 (High Court), reversing a decision of the Full Court of the Federal Court (1988) 15 ALO 751.

197 Attorney-General (NSW) v Quin (1989) 170 CLR 1 (High Court), reversing a decision of the NSW Court of Appeal, unreported.

198 Haoucher v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1990) 169 CLR 648 (High Court), reversing a decision of the Full Court of Federal Court (1988) 83 ALR 530.

199 Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond (1990) 170 CLR 321 (High Court), reversing a decision of the Full Court of the Federal Court (1988) 81 ALR 508.

200 Annetts v McCann (1990) 170 CLR 596, reversing a decision of the Full Bench of the Supreme Court ofWestem Australia [1990] WAR 161.

201 Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Kurtovic (1990) 92 ALR 93 (Full Court of the Federal Court), reversing a decision of the Federal Court (Einfeld J) (1989) 86 ALR 99.

202 See P, McAuslan, “Administrative Law, Collective Consumption and Judicial Policy” (1983) 46 MLR 1Google Scholar, and D, Feldman, “Public Law Values in the House of Lords” (1990) 106 LQR 246Google Scholar.

203 Many other objectives could be identified also - see eg D, Feldman, “Judicial Review: A Way of Controlling Government?” (1988) 66 Public Administration 21.Google Scholar

204 Eg Allorney-General v Wilts United Dairies (1922) 91 UKB 897.

205 Amalgamated 1V Services v Australian Broadcasting Trib1111al (1989) 88 ALR 287.

206 Anthony Lagoon Station Pty Ltd v Maurice (1987) 74 ALR 77; Sorby v Commonwealth (1983) 152 CLR 281.

207 See text accompanying n 32 infra.

208 See text accompanying n 24 infra.

209 See text accompanying n 80 infra.

210 See text accompanying n 75 infra.

211 See text accompanying n 106 infra.

212 See text accompanying n 186 infra.

213 The most famous such encapsulation being that by Lord Diplock in the CCSU case: text accompanying n 56 infra. See also Sir Robin, Cooke, “The Struggle for Simplicity in Administrative Law”, in M, Taggart (ed), Judicial Review of Administrative Action in the 1980s (1986)Google Scholar. Note, however, the criticism by the House of Lords of Lord Denning's dictum that the courts can determine whether a decision is “fair and reasonable”: Chief Constable of North Wales Police v Evans (1982] 3 All ER 141.