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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 January 2025
It cannot be that Legislatures, being rational, seek to break down the fences they have erected around individual tribunals and let them roam at large by the simple expedient of a privative clause. The clause must be read in the context of the statute. It cannot be intended to transform tribunals into judicial libertines.
The decision of the House of Lords in Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission was hailed as a landmark, permitting almost unlimited judicial review into the activities of administrative bodies and inferior courts. De Smith commented
is not the practical effect of the decision [in Anisminic] … to obliterate the distinction between reviewable errors on matters going to jurisdiction and errors which are normally unreviewable (otherwise than on appeal) because they “go to the merits” of the decision?
Yet the decisions which have followed Anisminic even in England have revealed that the case has contributed little certainty to an area in which apparently irreconcilable decisions proliferate.
1 Re Hughes Boat Works Inc (1980) 26 OR (2d) 420, 425 per Reid J.
2 [1969} 2 AC 147.
3 Smith, S A De, “Judicial Review in Administrative Law: The Ever-Open Door?” (1969) 27 Cambridge Law Journal 161, 163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4 [1979) 1 QB 56.
5 Ibid 70.
6 [1980] 1 WLR 1396.
7 Eg Secretary of State for Education and Science v Tameside MBC [1977] AC 1014.
8 [1975] 1 WLR 624.
9 Ibid 631.
10 [1977] 1 QB 122.
11 [1956] AC 736.
12 Alder, J, “Time Limit Clauses and Judicial Review-Smith v East Elloe Revisited” (1975) 38 Mod L Rev 274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13 Colonial Bank of Australasia v Willan (1874) LR 5 PC 417, 442.
14 Denning, Lord, The Discipline of Law (1979) 108.Google Scholar
15 [1979] 1 QB 56.
16 [1972] SLT 233.
17 [19561 AC 736.
18 [1980] 3 WLR 181.
19 Ibid 186-187.
20 [1981] AC 363.
21 [1973] AC 854.
22 [1974] 1 QB 24.
23 [1976] 1 QB 503.
24 [1980] 1 WLR 1396.
25 Brettingham-Moore v Municipality of St Leonards (1969) 121 CLR 509, 523.
26 (1974) 132 CLR 150.
27 (1976) 135 CLR 194.
28 (1978) 141 CLR 257.
29 Eg In re Staples; ex parte Australian Telecommunications Commission (1980) 54 ALJR 507; In re Shaw; ex parte Shaw (1981) 55 ALJR 12; In re Moodie; ex parte Emery (1981) 34 ALR 481.
30 (1978) 139 CLR 482.
31 (1980) 54 ALJR 515, 520.
32 [1980] 1 NSWLR 627.
33 (1938) 59 CLR 369.
34 [1980] 1 NSWLR 724.
35 R v Nat Bell Liquors, Ltd (1922] 2 AC 128.
36 Including Parisienne Basket Shoes Pty Ltd v Whyte (1938) 59 CLR 369; R v War Pensions Entitlement Appeal Tribunal; ex parte Bott (1933) 50 CLR 228.
37 [1980] 2 NSWLR 398.
38 Manning v Thompson (1979) 53 ALJR 582.
39 Manning v Thompson [1977) 2 NSWLR 249.
40 (1938) 59 CLR 369.
41 Ex parte Redgrave; Re Bennett (1945) 46 SR (NSW) 122.
42 R v Johns; ex parte Public Service Association of South Australia Inc [1971) SASR 206, 210.
43 R v Eleby, Johns and Lean; ex parte Royal Australian Nursing Federation (1973) 4 SASR 445; R v Chislett; ex parte Public Service Association of South Australia Inc (1973) 4 SASR 427; R v Bleby, Olsson and Stanley; ex parte South Australian Public Service Board (No I) (Teachers case) (1974) 9 SASR 320.
44 [1841) 1 QB 66; 113 ER 1054; R v Eleby, Johns and Lean above n 43, 449 per Bray CJ.
45 (1868) LR 4 QB 4; R v Bleby, Johns and Lean above n 43, 450 per Bray CJ, 456 per Mitchell J.
46 (1780) 2 Dougl 549, 99 ER 347; R v Chislett above n 43, 438 per Bray CJ.
47 (1874) LR 5 PC 417; R v Chislett above n 43, 438 per Bray CJ; R v Bleby, Johns and Lean above n 43,449 per Bray CJ, 457 per Mitchell J.
48 (1907) 5 CLR 33; R v Bleby, Johns and Lean above n 43, 449 per Bray CJ; Teachers case above n 43, 325 per Bray CJ.
49 [1922] 2 AC 128; R v Bleby, Johns and Lean above n 43, 449 per Bray CJ, 456per Mitchell J.
50 [1924] 1 KB 171; R v Chislett above n 43, 442 per Mitchell J.
51 (1966) 116 CLR 644; R v Eleby, Johns and Lean above n 43, 449 per Bray CJ.
52 [1942] 1 KB 465.
53 R v Industrial Commission of South Australia; ex parte Minda Home Inc (1975) 11 SASR 333.
54 R v Industrial Commission of South Australia; ex parte Adelaide Milk Supply Co-operative Ltd ,(No 2) (1978) 18 SASR 65, 69.
55 (1978) 20 SASR 424.
56 [1975] VR 831.
57 [1978] Qd R 127.
58 [1978] Qd R 305.
59 (1976) 12 ACTR 1.
60 (1976) 136 CLR 1.
61 (1976) 50 ALJR 324.
62 [1980] 2 NSWLR 398; (1982) 56 ALJR 217 (High Court). See the Note below p 49.
63 Re Cook; ex parte Twigg (1980) 54 ALJR 515; University of New South Wales v Max Cooper and Sons Pty Ltd (1980) 54 ALJR 21 (Privy Council); Council of the City of Gold Coast v Canterbury Pipe Lines (Aust) Pty Ltd (1968) 118 CLR 58; R v Wright and Pope [1980] VR 41; R v Di Fazio; ex parte General Motors-Holden Ltd (1979) 20 SASR 559, per Jacobs J (dissenting); Re Moodie; ex parte Emery (1981) 34 ALR 481.
64 R v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration; ex parte Whybrow & Co (1910) 11 CLR 1; R v Blakeley; ex parte Association of Architects, Engineers, Surveyors and Draughtsmen of Australia (1950) 82 CLR 54; Re Holmes; ex parte Manchester Unity Independent Order of Oddfellows in Victoria (1981) 55 ALJR 27.
65 R v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration; ex parte Jones (1914) 18 CLR 224; In re Turbet; ex parte Australian Building Construction Employees' and Builders Labourers' Federation (1981) 55 ALJR 59.
66 R v Hickman; ex parte Fox (1945) 70 CLR 598.
67 R v Drake-Brockman; ex parte National Oil Pty Ltd (1943) 68 CLR 51.
68 R v Booth; ex parte Administrative and Clerical Officers' Association (1978) 141 ALJR 507.
69 Re Morris; ex parte Australian Telecommunications Commission (1980) 54 ALJR 507.
70 (1978) 141 CLR 257.
71 (1980) 54 ALJR 507.
72 Clancy v Butchers' Shop Employes Union (1904) 1 CLR 181; Baxter v New South Wales Clickers' Association (1909) 10 CLR 114.
73 (1974) 9 SASR 320.
74 (1980) 24 SASR 199.
75 Note R v Industrial Commission of South Australia; ex parte Master Builders Association of South Australia Inc (1981) 26 SASR 535.
76 (1977) 136 CLR 190.
77 Barham v Stevenson [1975] 1 NSWLR 31 (majority decision).
78 [1980] 1 NSWLR 724.
79 Ibid 726 per Moffitt P.
80 Ibid 730 per Hutley JA.
81 Caltex Oil (Aust) Pty Ltd v Feenan (1981) 34 ALR 231.
82 (1981) 35 ALR 241.
83 Mason, Murphy and Brennan JJ.
84 (1981) 35 ALR 241, 253 per Mason J.
85 R v Small Claims Tribunal; ex parte Barwiner Nominees Pty Ltd [1975] VR 831; R v Small Claims Tribunal; ex parte Amos [1978] Qd R 127.
86 Mason, Murphy and Wilson JJ.
87 Classification of the role of the Commission as “non-judicial” carries with it the problem of the power of the court to grant prohibition. Space does not allow a discussion of this, but the decisions of Isaacs, Rich and Starke JJ in Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia v Gilchrist, Watt and Sanderson Ltd (1924) 34 CLR 482, and of the court in R v Wright; ex parte Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia f1955) 93 CLR 528 throw doubt on the power of the High Court to grant prohibition if the Commission was not exercising judicial power.
88 [1973] Qd R 490.
89 [1981] VR 602.
90 [1978] Qd R 127.
91 Ibid 131 per Kelly J.
92 [1981] 1 NSWLR 68.
93 Ibid 72.
94 Eg R v Elliott; ex parte Elliott (1974) 8 SASR 329; R v Galvin; ex parte Bowditch (1979) 2 NTR 9. Review was refused in both cases, but not on the grounds that it would not lie to a magistrate.
95 [1976] 2 NSWLR 570, Moffitt P and Reynolds JA.
96 Ex parte Cousens; Re Blackett (1946) 47 SR (NSW) 145.
97 Only Street CJ discussed the reasoning in Ex parte Cousens, which was based on the view that the function of a magistrate in committal proceedings “is essentially an executive and not a judicial function ... “ ( (1946) 47 SR (NSW) 145, 146 per Jordan CJ). Street CJ disagreed with this proposition: “To say of a decision to commit or not to commit that it is not a determination affecting the rights of subjects involves an unacceptable degree of judicial remoteness from the plain, incontrovertible significance that attaches to such decision in ordinary circles (certainly to the person who is either committed for trial or released)”. ([19761 2 NSWLR 570,591). The majority followed Ex parte Cousens on the basis of stare decisis. ([1976] 2 NSWLR 570,617 per Moffitt P, 628 per Reynolds JA).
98 [1976] 2 NSWLR 570,613.
99 Ibid 628.
1 Ibid 595.
2 [1976] 2 NSWLR 570,610 per Moffitt P.
3 In re Adamson; ex parte Western Australian National Football League (1979} 53 ALJR 273,286 per Mason J.
4 [1976] 2 NSWLR 570,590 per Street CJ.
5 [1977] 1 NSWLR 333.
6 Ibid 345.
7 The High Court indicated that prohibition for bias would go in R v Commowealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission; ex parte the Angliss Group (1969) 122 CLR 546; and issued it in R v Watson; ex parte Armstrong (1976} 136 CLR 248; also Sankey v Whitlam [1977] 1 NSWLR 333; R v Industrial Commission of South Australia; ex parte Adelaide Milk Supply Co-operative (No 2) (1978} 18 SASR 65; note however the views expressed in Re Anderson; ex parte Bateman (1979) 53 ALJR 165,165 per Gibbs ACJ that “In principle it seems to me that the presence of bias does not mean the absence of jurisdiction”. The case went off on the point that a Western Australian Family Court judge exercising federal jurisdiction is not a Commonwealth Officer within s 75 (v) of the Constitution.
8 [1976] 2 NSWLR 570.
9 [1978] Qd R 305.
10 (1978) 142 CLR 113.
11 (1979} 53 ALJR 273.
12 (1937) 59 CLR 369.
13 (1978) 142 CLR 113, 138-139.
14 Ibid 125.
15 Ibid 126-127.
16 (1977) 136 CLR 190.
17 [1980] 1 NSWLR 724.
18 The Industrial Commission of New South Wales
19 [1980] 1 NSWLR 724, 731 per Hutley JA.
20 (1981) 35 ALR 241.
21. R v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration; ex parte BHP Co Ltd (1909) 8 CLR 419; R v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration; ex parte Brisbane Tramways Co Ltd (1913) 18 CLR 54; R v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration; ex parte Ozone Theatres (Aust) Ltd (1949) 78 CLR 389.
22 (1979) 53 ALJR 273,286.
23 Ibid 291.
24 Gibbs, Stephen and Aiclcin JJ.
25 (1979) 53 ALJR 273,277-278.
26 Ibid 291.
27 (1981) 35 ALR 135.
28 (1981) 35 ALR 135,137.
29 (1978) 139 CLR 482.
30 Ibid 496.
31 Ibid 495.
32 (1978) 142 CLR 113.
33 (1978) 139 CLR 482, 486-496.
34 Ibid 491.
35 (1978) 141 CLR 257.
36 Ibid 266.
37 Note decisions cited in Falkirk Assurance Society Ltd v Life Assurance Commissioner (1976) 50 ALJR 324; Murphyores Incorporated Pty Ltd v Commonwealth of Australia (1976) CLR 1; Manning v Thompson (1979) 53 ALJR 582 (Privy Council); R v Insurance Commissioner; ex parte Saltergate Insurance Co Ltd (1976) 12 ACTR 1.
38 (1975) 132 CLR 473.
39 (1978) 141 CLR 257.
40 (1975) 11 SASR 333.
41 [1973] 1 NSWLR 72.
42 Ibid 85, relying on Ex parte Hebburn; Re Kearsley Shire Council (1947) 47 SR (NSW) 416,420 per Jordan CJ.
43 [1978] Qd R 305, 311 per Wanstall CJ.
44 [1976] 2 NSWLR 560.
45 Ibid 569.
46 Eg Bunbury v Fuller (1853) 9 Ex 111, 156 ER 47; R v Judge of County Court of Lincolnshire (1887) 20 QBD 167; Colonial Bank of Australasia v Willan (1874) LR 5 PC 417.
47 [19691 2 AC 147,171 per Lord Reid, 195 per Lord Pearce, 210 per Lord Wilberforce.
48 Murphyores Incorporated Pty Ltd v Commonwealth of Australia (1976) 136 CLR 1, 12.
49 (1976) 50 ALJR 324,329.
50 [1980] 1 NSWLR 63,71 per Hope JA, again relying on Ex parte Hebburn; Re Kearsley Shire Council (1947) 47 SR (NSW) 416,420 per Jordan CJ.
51 (1933) 50 CLR 228.
52 (1979) 53 ALJR 582.
53 (1976) 12 ACTR 1.
54 (1975) 11 SASR 333,337.
55 (1981) 55 ALJR 12.
56 [1975] VR 831.
57 (1981) 55 ALJR 12,14.
58 [1975] VR 831,841.
59 (1978) 20 SASR 424.
60 Posner v Collector for Inter-State Destitute Persons (Vic) (1946) 74 CLR 461; R v Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission; ex parte Amalgamated Engineering Union (1967) 118 CLR 219.
61 (1974) 132 CLR 150.
62 Ibid 155, per Gibbs, Stephen and Mason JJ.
63 (1978) 142 CLR 113.
64 [1976] 2 NSWLR 560,568, 569-570.
65 (1975) 11 SASR 333.
66 (1974) 8 SASR 329, 348 per Sangster J.
67 (1938) 59 CLR 369.
68 Pedersen v Young (1964) 110 CLR 162,166 per Menzies J.
69 [1977] 2 NSWLR 249.
70 (1979) 53 ALJR 582.
71 (1976) 13 SASR 290.
72 S 15(1)(e).
73 (1979) 20 SASR 559.
74 [1981] VR 131.
75 [1980] 1 NSWLR 627.
76 (1938) 59 CLR 369.
77 (1979) 2 NTR 9.
78 [1978] Qd R 305.
79 (1978) 20 SASR 424.
80 (1980) 54 ALJR 515,520.
81 [1922] 2 AC 128.
82 (1980) 54 ALJR 515.
83 R v Nat Bell Liquors Ltd [1922] 2 AC 128; R v Corporation of Glenelg; ex parte Pier House Pty Ltd [1968] SASR 246; R v Tennant; ex parte Woods [1962] Qd R 241.
84 Gardiner v Land Agents Board (1976) 12 SASR 458; Armah v Government of Ghana [1968] AC 192; in R v War Pensions Entitlement Appeal Tribunal; ex parte Bott (1933) 50 CLR 228 the Court preferred to speak of insufficiency of evidence.
85 (1980) 54 ALJR 515,516.
86 Ibid 521.
87 Ibid.
88 Ibid 520.
89 Ibid 521,522.
90 (1976) 2 NSWLR 570,594.
91 R v Nat Bell Liquors Ltd [1922] 2 AC 128; R v Kelly; ex parte Berman (1953) 89 CLR 608,621 per Dixon CJ.
92 (1953) 89 CLR 608,630.
93 (1974) 8 SASR 329.
94 Ibid 342.
95 Ibid 366.
96 Ibid 371. See R v Hickman; ex parte Fox (1945) 70 CLR 598; 615 per Dixon J.
97 [1971] SASR 206.
98 (1973) 4 SASR 445.
99 (1981) 35 ALR 119.
1 (1973) 4 SASR 427.
2 R v Eleby, Johns and Lean; ex parte Royal Australian Nursing Federation (1973) 4 SASR 445.
3 R v Elliott; ex parte Elliott (1974) 8 SASR 329; R v Ward; ex parte Bowering (1978) 20 SASR 424.
4 See discussion of “industrial matter” above p 19 et seq; Stevenson v Barham (1977) 136 CLR 190.
5 R v Marks; ex parte Building Construction Employees' and Builders Labourers' Federation (1981) 35 ALR 241.
6 Re Cook; ex parte Twigg (1980) 54 ALJR 515; and note R v Baker and Wilkie; ex parte Johnston (1981) 33 ALR 660 where the Court declined to interfere at all.
7 [1973] 1 NSWLR 72.
8 [1976] 2 NSWLR 560.
9 [1980] 1 NSWLR 724.
10 [1969] 2 AC 147.
11 (1973) 4 SASR 427.
12 (1973) 4 SASR 445.
13 (1979) 20 SASR 559.
14 A challenge brought against the Industrial Court's determination on the question had failed, as the Supreme Court held that it was a matter within the jurisdiction of the Industrial Court. R v Stanley; ex parte Redapple Pty Ltd (1976) 13 SASR 290.
15 (1978) 20 SASR 424.
16 Hall v Arnold [19501 2 KB 543; Pyx Granite Co Ltd v Ministry of Housing and Local Government [1960] AC 260; Ex parte Blackwell; Re Hateley [1965] NSWR 1061; Tehrani v Rostron [1972] 1 QB 182; South East Asia Fire Bricks Sdn Bhd v Non-Metallic Mineral Products Manufacturing Employees Union [1981] AC 363.
17 Support for this can be found in Seereelall Jhuggroo v Central Arbitration and Control Board [1953] AC 151.
18 (1974) 8 SASR 329,371.
19 [1975] VR 831.
20 [1980] 2 NSWLR 398.
21 (1979) 20 SASR 559.
22 (1974) 9 SASR 320.
23 Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1972-1975 (SA) s 95.
24 Ibid s 94.
25 (1981) 26 SASR 580.
26 (1966) 59 Qd R 245.
27 (1967) 60 Qd R 349, 365.
28 Re Cook; ex parte Twigg (1980) 54 ALJR 515,522 per Aickin J: “it is trite law that consent or absence of opposition does not give jurisdiction”.
29 (1977) 16 SASR 496.
30 Pitfield v Franki (1970) 123 CLR 448; R v Marshall; ex parte Federated Clerks Union of Australia (1975) 132 CLR 595 per McTiernan J; R v Booth; ex parte Administrative and Clerical Officers' Association (1978) 141 CLR 257.
31 Re Cook; ex parte Twigg (1980) 54 ALJR 515; Re Moodie; ex parte Emery (1981) 34 ALR 481.
32 Eg R v Marshall; ex parte Federated Clerks Union of Australia (1975) 132 CLR 595, per McTiernan J; Re Cook; ex parte Twigg (1980) 54 ALJR 515.
33 R v Small Claims Tribunal; ex parte Barwiner Nominees Pty Ltd [1975] VR 831; R v Ward; ex parte Bowering (1978) 20 SASR 424.
34 (1977) 138 CLR 164,173.
35 (1973) 4 SASR 445.
36 Eg R v Full Industrial Commission of South Australia; ex parte Public Service Association of South Australia Inc (1977) 16 SASR 496; R v Booth; ex parte Administrative and Clerical Officers' Association (1978) 141 CLR 257.
37 [1971] SASR 206.
38 (1973) 4 SASR 445.
39 In re Adamson; ex parte Western Australian National Football League (1979) 53 ALJR 273,278.
40 (1974) 8 SASR 329.
41 [1976] 2 NSWLR 560.
42 (1980) 54 ALJR 515,521 per Mason J, 521 per Murphy J, 523 per Wilson J.
43 (1981) 33 ALR 660.
44 [1980] 1 NSWLR 724.
45 (1974) 8 SASR 329.
46 [1976] 2 NSWLR 560.
47 (1978) 20 SASR 424.
48 Note also Devan Nair v Yong Kuan Teik [1967] 2 WLR 846, where the same approach was taken by the Privy Council.
49 In re Adamson (1979) 53 ALJR 273,278.
50 (1978) 139 CLR 482,497.
51 (1977) 136 CLR 190,201.
52 (1981) 35 ALR 241.
53 [1969] 2 AC 147.
54 Eg Lord Denning in Pearlman v Keepers and Governors of Harrow School [1979] QB 56, 69; R v Chief Immigration Officer, Gatwick Airport; ex parte Kharrazi [1980] 1 WLR 1396; Smillie, J A, “Judicial Review of Administrative Action-A Pragmatic Approach” (1980) 4 Otago Law Review 417Google Scholar; De Smith, S A, “Judicial Review in Administrative Law: The Ever-Open Door?” (1969) 27 Cambridge Law Journal, 161,165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55 Judgments of Lord Denning, above n 54; In re Racal Communications Ltd [1980] 3 WLR 181,187 per Lord Diplock.
56 Diplock, Lord, “Administrative Law: Judicial Review Reviewed” (1974) 33 Cambridge Law Journal 233CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Thomas, T, “Judicial Review and South East Asia Fire Bricks-A Missed Opportunity” [1980] 2 Malaya Law Journal lxxviGoogle Scholar; Smillie, op cit.
57 Cases cited below p. 40.
58 Cases cited below p 41.
59 There are of course exceptions to this; in the area of jurisdictional error, note Grzybowicz v Smiljanic [1980] 1 NSWLR 627; R v Galvin; ex parte Bowditch (1979) 2 NTR 9; R v Elliott; ex parte Elliott (1974) 8 SASR 329; In re Morris; ex parte Australian Telecommunications Commission (1980) 54 ALJR 507; Small Claim cases cited above, p. 21.
60 Jacobs v Brett (1875) LR 20 Eq 1, 7 per Sir G Jessel MR; quoted in Clancy v Butchers' Shop Employes Union (1904) 1 CLR 181,204 per O'Connor J.
61 Eg Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904 (Cth) s 31(1) (before amendment), s 60 of Act in present form; Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Acts 1961-1964 (Qld) ss 8(6) and 34; Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1972-1975 (SA) ss 92 and 95; Industrial Arbitration Act 1940 (NSW) s 84.
62 Caltex Oil (Aust) Pty Ltd v Feenan [1980] 1 NSWLR 724; (1981) 34 ALR 231 (Privy Council).
63 Attorney-General v Barton [1979] 1 NSWLR 524; Barton v Walker [1979] 2 NSWLR 740; Barton v Berman [1980] 1 NSWLR 63; Barton v R (1980) 32 ALR 449 (High Court).
64 Connor v Sankey [1976] 2 NSWLR 570; Sankey v Whitlam [1977] 1 NSWLR 333; Sankey v Whitlam (1978) 142 CLR 1 (High Court).
65 (1973) 4 SASR 427.
66 (1973) 4 SASR 445.
67 Pearlman v Keepers and Governors of Harrow School [1979] 1 QB 56.
68 R v Northumberland Compensation Appeal Tribunal; ex parte Shaw [1952] 1 KB 338; R v Medical Appeal Tribunal; ex parte Gilmore [1957] 1 QB 574.
69 R v Chief Immigration Officer, Gatwick Airport; ex parte Kharrazi [19801 1 WLR 1396.
70 Especially R v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration; ex parte Whybrow and Co (1910) 11 CLR 1; R v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration; ex parte Brisbane Tramways Co Ltd (1914) 18 CLR 54; Australian Coal and Shale Employees Federation v Aberfield Coal Mining Co Ltd (1942) 66 CLR 161; R v Hickman; ex parte Fox (1945) 70 CLR 598.
71 R v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration; ex parte Brisbane Tramways Co Ltd (1914) 18 CLR 54.
72 R v Murray and Cormie; ex parte the Commonwealth (1916) 22 CLR 437.
73 R v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration; ex parte Ozone Theatres (Aust) Ltd (1949) 78 CLR 389.
74 Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia v Gilchrist, Watt and Sanderson Ltd (1924) 34 CLR 482; Cf Kitto J in R v Commonwealth Industrial Court; ex parte Cocks (1968) 121 CLR 313.
75 Ie when the court would normally be regarded as being functus officio. R v Hibble; ex parte BHP Co Ltd (1920) 28 CLR 456; Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia v Gilchrist, Watt and Sanderson Ltd (1924) 34 CLR 482; R v Dunphy; ex parte Maynes (1978) 139 CLR 482.
76 Pitfield v Franki (1970) 123 CLR 448; R v Marshall; ex parte Federated Clerks Union of Australia (1975) 132 CLR 595 per McTiernan J; R v Booth; ex parte Administrative and Clerical Officers' Association (1978) 141 CLR 257.
77 R v Hickman; ex parte Fox (1945) 70 CLR 598; R v Central Reference Board; ex parte Theiss (Repairs) Pty Ltd (1948) 77 CLR 123; R v Murray; ex parte Proctor (1949) 77 CLR 387.
78 R v Drake-Brockman; ex parte National Oil Pty Ltd (1943) 68 CLR 51.
79 R v Murray; ex parte Proctor (1949) 77 CLR 387 (application granted); R v Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission; ex parte Amalgamated Engineering Union (1967) 118 CLR 219 (application refused-error, if any, within jurisdiction); Australian Coal and Shale Employees Federation v Aberfield Coal Mining Co Ltd (1942) 66 CLR 161 (application refused); R v Blakeley; ex parte Association of Architects, Engineers, Surveyors and Draughtsmen of Australia (1950) 82 CLR 54 (application granted); R v Taylor; ex parte Professional Officers Association-Commonwealth Public Service (1951) 82 CLR 177 (inter-union dispute, application refused-error within jurisdiction. This case is often quoted to justify the refusal of the court to intervene); R v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration; ex parte Amalgamated Engineering Union (1953) 89 CLR 636 (application refused-error within jurisdiction); R v Kirby; ex parte Transport Workers' Union of Australia (1954) 91 CLR 159 (application granted-constitutional grounds); R v Evatt; ex parte Master Builders' Association of New South Wales [No 2] (1974) 132 CLR 150 (application refused-error within jurisdiction); R v Marshall; ex parte Federated Clerks Union of Australia (1975) 132 CLR 595 (application refused-constitutional grounds); R v Joske; ex parte Shop Distributive and Allied Employees' Association (1976) 135 CLR 194 (application refused-no error); R v Booth; ex parte Administrative and Clerical Officers' Association (1978) 141 CLR 257 (application granted); R v Marks; ex parte Australian Building Construction Employees' and Builders Labourers' Federation (1981) 35 ALR 241 (application granted-inter-union dispute).
80 Parisienne Basket Shoes Pty Ltd v Whyte (1938) 59 CLR 369.
81 R v War Pensions Entitlement Appeal Tribunal; ex parte Bott (1933) 50 CLR 228, Evatt J (dissenting).
82 Posner v Collector for Inter-State Destitute Persons ,(Vic) (1946) 74 CLR 461.
83 R v District Court of the Metropolitan District Holden at Sydney; ex parte White (1966) 116 CLR 644; R v District Court of Northern District of the State of Queensland; ex parte Thompson (1968) 118 CLR 488.
84 Devlin, Lord: “All legal history shows that, once the judges get a foothold in the domain of fact, they move to expand. Questions of fact become in a mysterious way questions of law.” The Times, 27 October 1976. Quoted in J A G Griffith, The Politics of the Judiciary (1977) 211.Google Scholar
85 (1981) 47 FLR 131.
86 [1973] AC 854.
87 Hope v Council of the City of Bathurst (1980) 54 ALJR 345.
88 In re Adamson; ex parte Western Australian National Football League (1979) 53 ALJR 273,286 per Mason J on the role of Industrial bodies establishing awards.
89 (1981} 35 ALR 241.
90 Stevenson v Barham (1977) 136 CLR 190,199 per Mason and Jacobs JJ; McBeatty v Gorman [1976] 2 NSWLR 560; R v Elliott; ex parte Elliott (1974) 8 SA.SR 329; R v Ward; ex parte Bowering (1978) 20 SASR 424.
91 In re Adamson; ex parte Western Australian National Football League (1979) 53 ALJR 273,277 per Barwick CJ, 282 per Gibbs J.
92 Ibid 278 per Barwick CJ.
93 Eg R v Insurance Commissioner; ex parte Saltergate Insurance Co Ltd (1976) 12 ACTR 1; Falkirk Assurance Society Ltd v Life Insurance Commissioner (1976) 50 ALJR 324.
94 Ex parte V G Haulage Services Pty Ltd; Re the Industrial Commission of New South Wales [1972] 2 NSWLR 81; Davies v General Transport Development Pty Ltd [1967] AR (NSW) 371; In re Becker and Harry M Miller Attractions Pty Ltd (No. 2) [1972] AR (NSW) 298; Barham v Stevenson [1975] 1 NSWLR 31; Stevenson v Barham (1977) 136 CLR 190; Caltex Oil (Aust) Pty Ltd v Feenan [1980] 1 NSWLR 724; (1981) 34 ALR 231 (Privy Council).
95 R v War Pensions Entitlement Appeal Tribunal; ex parte Bott (1933) 50 CLR 228; R v Australian Stevedoring Industry Board; ex parte Melbourne Stevedoring Co Pty Ltd (1953) 88 CLR 100.
96 Cases cited above p 33.
7 Anisminic v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 AC 147,171 per Lord Reid.
98 Thomas, T, “Judicial Review and South East Asia Fire Bricks-A Missed Opportunity” [1980] 2 Malaya Law Journal lxxviGoogle Scholar; Smillie, J A, “Judicial Review of Administrative Action-A Pragmatic Approach” (1980) 4 Otago Law Review 417.Google Scholar
99 J A Smillie, op cit.
1 R Wade, H W, “Constitutional and Administrative Aspects of the Anisminic case” (1969) 85 LQR 198,200:Google Scholar “If a ministry or tribunal can be made a law unto itself, it is made a potential dictator ... ”.
2 Francis Bacon, Of Judicature.
3 Smillie, J A, “Judicial Review of Administrative Action-A Pragmatic Approach” (1980) 4 Otago Law Review 417.Google Scholar
4 Ibid 439.
5 (1980) 26 OR (2d) 420.
6 Labour Relations Act, RSO 1970 (Canada), c 232, s 97.
7 Ibid s 55(12).
8 Ibid s 95(1).
9 (1980) 26 OR (2d) 420,426 per Reid J.
10 Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1972-1975 (SA) ss 92(3) to 95; Small Claims Tribunal Act 1973 (Vic) s 17.
11 Diplock, Lord, “Administrative Law: Judicial Review Reviewed” (1974) 33 Cambridge Law Journal 233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12 Attorney-General v BBC [1980] 3 WLR 109.
13 Heatley v Tasmanian Racing and Gaming Commission (1977) 137 CLR 487, 512-513 per Aickin J and cases cited therein. Note however the curious comments in the BLF case (1981) 35 ALR 241 and discussion above p 20.
14 Eg Victoria and Queensland have Small Claims Tribunals, the Australian Capital Territory a Small Claims Court.
15 (1980) 26 OR (2d) 420.
16 Administrative Procedure Act 1946 (US) s 10 and corresponding State Acts.
17 (1945) 70 CLR 598,615.
18 R v Elliott; ex parte Elliott (1974) 8 SASR 329 per Jacobs J is an exception to this.
19 As Whitmore, H and Aronson, M, Review of Administrative Action (1978) suggest, 507.Google Scholar
20 (1945) 70 CLR 598.
21 (1981) 35 ALR 241.
22 (1909) 10 CLR 114, 161-162.
23 (1982) 56 ALJR 217.
24 [1981] AC 363.