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Upper Katian (Ordovician) bentonites in the East Baltic, Scandinavia and Scotland: geochemical correlation and volcanic source interpretation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 October 2014

TARMO KIIPLI ,
PETER DAHLQVIST ,
TOIVO KALLASTE ,
ENLI KIIPLI  and
JAAK NÕLVAK
TARMO KIIPLI*
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
PETER DAHLQVIST
Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Sweden, Killiansgatan 10, 223 50 Lund, Sweden
TOIVO KALLASTE
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
ENLI KIIPLI
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
JAAK NÕLVAK
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
*
†Author for correspondence: tarmo.kiipli@ttu.ee
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Abstract

Altered volcanic ash interbeds (bentonites) in the upper Katian of Baltoscandia indicate significant volcanic activity in neighbouring tectonically active areas. Katian bentonites in the East Baltic can be reliably correlated using sanidine phenocryst composition. Ratios of immobile trace elements TiO2, Nb, Zr and Th to Al2O3 enable extension of the correlations to Scandinavia, where late diagenetic alterations could have caused recrystallization of sanidine phenocrysts. At least seven volcanic eruptions were recognized in Baltoscandian sections. Several bentonites found in deep-sea sediments are absent in shallow-sea sediments, indicating extensive breaks in sedimentation and erosion during late Katian and Hirnantian times. The areal distribution pattern of Katian bentonites in Baltoscandia indicates a volcanic source from the north or northwest (present-day orientation) from the margins of the Iapetus Palaeo-Ocean. Signatures of ultra-high-pressure metamorphism in the Seve Nappe (Central Sweden) and intrusions in the Helgeland Nappe Complex in Central Norway have been proposed as potential sources of the magmas that generated the volcanic ashes deposited in the East Baltic in Katian times. Geochemical similarities between Baltoscandian and Dob's Linn bentonites from southern Scotland suggest a common volcanic source in Katian times.

Keywords

K-bentonitesMg-bentonitesKatianOrdovicianvolcanismIapetusBaltica
Type
Original Articles
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 152 , Issue 4 , July 2015 , pp. 589 - 602
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

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