Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-30T21:57:52.745Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Fault rocks within the blueschist metabasalts of the Diamante–Terranova unit (southern Italy): potential fossil record of intermediate-depth subduction earthquakes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 March 2019

Stefano Vitale Open the ORCID record for Stefano Vitale [Opens in a new window] ,
Lorenzo Fedele ,
Francesco D’Assisi Tramparulo  and
Ernesto Paolo Prinzi
Stefano Vitale*
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse (DiSTAR), Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cupa Nuova Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
Lorenzo Fedele
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse (DiSTAR), Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cupa Nuova Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
Francesco D’Assisi Tramparulo
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse (DiSTAR), Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cupa Nuova Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
Ernesto Paolo Prinzi
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse (DiSTAR), Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cupa Nuova Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
*
Email: stefano.vitale@unina.it
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We report the first evidence of fault rocks (FRs) developed during high-pressure/low-temperature (HP/LT) subduction-related metamorphism, within quartz+epidote pods embedded in the glaucophane–lawsonite-bearing ophiolitic metabasalts of the Diamante–Terranova unit (Calabria, Italy). FRs occur as relic injections appearing as thin dark seams, locally showing an internal foliation characterized by tabular, curvilinear and meander-like shapes, and consist of very fine grains of glaucophane and titanite, locally including survivor clasts of epidote and lawsonite. Some boudinaged veins show glaucophane fibres in the boudin necks, marking a clear HP/LT syn-metamorphic origin at c. 30 km depth. The injected FRs can be alternatively interpreted either as pseudotachylytes or as fluidized ultracataclasites. Although subsequent recrystallization largely obliterated primary diagnostic features, the occurrence of (i) different-coloured flow streaks, characterized by alternating layers of glaucophane and titanite, (ii) well-developed flow folds and (iii) corroded epidote survivor crystals could indicate a viscous flow of molten material characterized by a non-uniform chemical composition. With this in mind, we support the hypothesis that these fine-grained veins were originally pseudotachylytes generated by the frictional melting of the glaucophane-rich layers of the Diamante–Terranova metabasalts, likely related to seismic events occurring during the Eocene along thrust faults within the subducting oceanic Ligurian lithosphere. The lack of evidence for pseudotachylyte relics in the metabasalt source rock argues for a selective preservation, largely dependent on the efficient mechanical shielding action of the stiffer quartz+epidote pods.

Keywords

fault rocksHP/LT metamorphismpalaeoseismicitypseudotachylytesouthern Apennines – Calabria – Peloritani Terraneultracataclasite
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 156 , Issue 10 , October 2019 , pp. 1771 - 1782
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, JL (2005) A multi-kilometer pseudotachylyte system as an exhumed record of earthquake rupture geometry at hypocentral depths (Colorado, USA). Tectonophysics 402, 37–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altenberger, U, Prosser, G, Grande, A, Günter, C and Langone, A (2013) A seismogenic zone in the deep crust indicated by pseudotachylytes and ultramylonites in granulite-facies rocks of Calabria (Southern Italy). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 166, 975–94.Google Scholar
Andersen, TB and Austrheim, H (2006) Fossil earthquakes recorded by pseudotachylytes in mantle peridotite from the Alpine subduction complex of Corsica. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 242, 58–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, TB, Austrheim, H, Deseta, N, Silkoset, P and Ashwal, LD (2014) Large subduction earthquakes along the fossil Moho in Alpine Corsica. Geology 42, 395–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, TB, Mair, K, Austrheim, H, Podladchikov, YY and Vrijmoed, JC (2008) Stress release in exhumed intermediate and deep earthquakes determined from ultramafic pseudotachylyte. Geology 36, 995–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angiboust, S, Agard, P, Raimbourg, H, Yamato, P and Huet, B (2011) Subduction interface processes recorded by eclogite-facies shear zones (Monviso, W. Alps). Lithos 127, 222–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angiboust, S, Kirsch, J, Oncken, O, Glodny, J, Monie’, P and Rybacki, E (2015) Probing the transition between seismically coupled and decoupled segments along an ancient subduction interface. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 16, 1905–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austrheim, H and Andersen, TB (2004) Pseudotachylytes from Corsica: fossil earthquakes from a subduction complex. Terra Nova 166, 193–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austrheim, H and Boundy, TM (1994) Pseudotachylytes generated during seismic faulting and eclogitation of the deep crust. Science 265, 82–3.Google ScholarPubMed
Behr, WM, Kotowsky, AJ and Ashley, KT (2018) Dehydration-induced rheological heterogeneity and the deep tremor source in warm subduction zones. Geology 46, 475–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berlenbach, JW and Roering, C (1992) Sheath-fold-like structures in pseudotachylytes. Journal of Structural Geology 14, 847–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjørnerud, M (2010) Rethinking conditions necessary for pseudotachylyte formation: observations from the Otago schists, South Island, New Zealand. Tectonophysics 490, 69–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonardi, G, Cavazza, W, Perrone, V and Rossi, S (2001) Calabria-Peloritani Terrane and Northern Ionian Sea. In Anatomy of an Orogen: The Apennines and Adjacent Mediterranean Basins (eds Vai, GB and Martini, IP), pp. 287–306. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braeck, S and Podladchikov, YY (2007) Spontaneous thermal runaway as an ultimate failure mechanism of materials. Physical Review Letters 98, 095504, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.095504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brodsky, E, Rowe, K, Meneghini, F and Moore, JC (2009) A geological fingerprint of low-viscosity fault fluids mobilized during an earthquake. Journal of Geophysical Research 114, B01303, doi: 10.1029/2008JB005633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caggianelli, A, de Lorenzo, S and Prosser, G (2005) Modelling the heat pulse generated on a fault plane during coseismic slip: inferences from the pseudotachylyte of the Copanello cliffs (Calabria, Italy). Tectonophysics 405, 99–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cashman, SM and Cashman, KV (2006) Cataclastic textures in La Grange fault rocks, Klamath Mountains, California. In Geological Studies in the Klamath Mountains Province, California and Oregon: A Volume in Honor of William P. Irwin (eds Snoke, AW and Barnes, CG), pp. 433–50. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America, Special Paper no. 410.Google Scholar
Castello, B, Selvaggi, G, Chiarabba, C and Amato, A (2006) CSI Catalogo della sismicità italiana 1981–2002, versione 1.1, INGV-CNT, Roma. http://csi.rm.ingv.it/.Google Scholar
Cello, G, Invernizzi, C and Mazzoli, S (1996) Structural signature of tectonic processes in the Calabrian Arc, southern Italy: evidence from the oceanic-derived Diamante-Terranova unit. Tectonics 15, 187–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chester, FM and Chester, JS (1998) Ultracataclasite structure and friction processes of the Punchbowl fault, San Andreas system, California. Tectonophysics 295, 199–221.Google Scholar
Chu, HT, Hwang, SL, Shen, P and Yui, TF (2012) Pseudotachylyte in the Tananao Metamorphic Complex, Taiwan, occurrence and dynamic phase changes of fossil earthquakes. Tectonophysics 581, 62–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debret, B, Nicollet, C, Andreani, M, Schwartz, S and Godard, M (2013) Three steps of serpentinization in an eclogitized oceanic serpentinization front (Lanzo Massif-Western Alps). Journal of Metamorphic Geology 31, 165–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deseta, N, Andersen, TB and Ashwal, LD (2014a) A weakening mechanism for intermediate-depth seismicity? Detailed petrographic and microtextural observations from blueschist facies pseudotachylytes, Cape Corse, Corsica. Tectonophysics 610, 138–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deseta, N, Ashwal, LD and Andersen, TB (2014b) Initiating intermediate-depth earthquakes: insights from a HP-LT ophiolite from Corsica. Lithos 206–207, 127–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di Toro, G, Hirose, T, Nielsen, S, Pennacchioni, G and Shimamoto, T (2006) Natural and experimental evidence of melt lubrication of faults during earthquakes. Science 311, 647–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Di Toro, G, Nielsen, S, Pennacchioni, G (2005a) Earthquake rupture dynamics frozen in exhumed ancient faults. Nature 436, 1009–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Toro, G, Pennacchioni, G and Teza, G (2005b) Can pseudotachylytes be used to infer earthquake source parameters? An example of limitations in the study of exhumed faults. Tectonophysics 402, 3–20.Google Scholar
Di Vincenzo, G, Rossetti, F, Viti, C and Balsamo, F (2013) Constraining the timing of fault reactivation: Eocene coseismic slip along a Late Ordovician ductile shear zone (northern Victoria Land, Antarctica). Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 125, 609–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fedele, L, Tramparulo, FDA, Vitale, S, Cappelletti, P, Prinzi, EP and Mazzoli, S (2018) Petrogenesis and deformation history of the lawsonite-bearing blueschist facies metabasalts of the Diamante-Terranova oceanic unit (southern Italy). Journal of Metamorphic Geology 36, 691–714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferré, EC, Geissmann, JW, Chauvet, A, Vauchez, A and Zechmeister, MS (2015) Focal mechanism of prehistoric earthquakes deduced from pseudotachylyte fabric. Geology 43, 531–4.Google Scholar
Green, HW (1995) The mechanics of deep earthquakes. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences 23, 169–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, HW and Jung, H (2005) Fluids, faulting and flow. Elements 1, 31–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Handy, MR and Brun, J-P, (2004) Seismicity, structure and strength of the continental lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 223, 427–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawemann, F, Mancktelow, NS, Wex, S, Camacho, A and Pennacchioni, G (2018) Pseudotachylyte as field evidence for lower-crustal earthquakes during the intracontinental Petermann Orogeny (Musgrave Block, Central Australia). Solid Earth 9, 629–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iannace, A, Vitale, S, D’Errico, M, Mazzoli, S, Di Staso, A, Maiacone, E, Messina, A, Reddy, SM, Somma, R, Zamparelli, V, Zattin, M and Bonardi, G (2007) The carbonate tectonic units of northern Calabria (Italy): a record of Apulian paleomargin evolution and Miocene convergence, continental crust subduction, and exhumation of HP-LT rocks. Journal of the Geological Society 164, 1165–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janssen, C, Wirth, R, Lin, A and Dresen, G (2010a) TEM microstructural analysis in a fault gouge sample of the Nojima Fault Zone, Japan. Tectonophysics 583, 101–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janssen, C, Wirth, R, Rybacki, E, Naumann, R, Kemmnitz, H, Wenk, H-R and Dresen, G (2010b) Amorphous material in SAFOD core samples (San Andreas Fault): evidence for crush-origin pseudotachylytes? Geophysical Research Letters 37, doi: 10.2029GL040993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John, T, Medvedev, S, Rüpke, LH, Andersen, TB, Podladchikov, YY and Austrheim, H (2009) Generation of intermediate-depth earthquakes by self-localizing thermal runaway. Nature Geoscience 2, 137–40, doi: 10.1038/NGEO419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John, T and Schenk, V (2006) Interrelations between intermediate-depth earthquakes and fluid flow within subducting oceanic plates: constraints from eclogite facies pseudotachylytes. Geology 34, 557–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jung, H, Green, HW and Dobrzhinetskaya, L (2004) Intermediate-depth earthquake faulting by dehydration embrittlement with negative volume change. Nature 428, 545–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jung, H, Katayama, I, Jiang, Z, Hiraga, I and Karato, SI (2006) Effect of water and stress on the lattice-preferred orientation of olivine. Tectonophysics 421, 1–22.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, JD, Dobson, KJ, Mark, DF, Shipton, ZK, Brodsky, EE and Stuart, FM (2012) The depth of pseudotachylyte formation from detailed thermochronology and constraints on coseismic stress drop variability. Journal of Geophysical Research 117, B06406, doi: 10.1029/2011JB008846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkpatrick, JD and Rowe, CD (2013) Disappearing ink: how pseudotachylytes are lost from the rock record. Journal of Structural Geology 52, 183–98.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, JD, Shipton, ZK and Persano, C (2009) Pseudotachylytes: rarely generated, rarely preserved or rarely reported? Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 99, 382–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langone, A, Gueguen, E, Prosser, G, Caggianelli, A and Rottura, A (2006) The Curinga-Girifalco fault zone (northern Serre Calabria) and its significance within the Alpine tectonic evolution of the western Mediterranean. Journal of Geodynamics 42, 140–58.Google Scholar
Lin, A (1996) Injection veins of crushing-originated pseudotachylyte and fault gouge formed during seismic faulting. Engineering Geology 43, 213–24.Google Scholar
Lin, A (2008) Fossil Earthquakes: The Formation and Preservation of Pseudotachylytes. Berlin, Heidelberg and New York: Springer. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 111.Google Scholar
Lin, A (2011) Seismic slip recorded in the fluidized ultracataclastic veins formed along the coseismic shear zone during the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. Geology 39, 547–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, A, Yamashita, K and Tanaka, M (2013) Journal of Structural Geology 48, 3–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magloughlin, JF and Spray, JC (1992) Frictional melting processes and products in geologic materials: introduction and discussion. Tectonophysics 204, 197–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magott, R, Fabbri, O and Fournier, M (2016) Subduction zone intermediate-depth seismicity: insights from the structural analysis of Alpine high-pressure ophiolite-hosted pseudotachylytes (Corsica, France). Journal of Structural Geology 87, 95–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magott, R, Fabbri, O and Fournier, M (2017) Polyphase ductile/brittle deformation along a major tectonic boundary in an ophiolitic nappe, Alpine Corsica: insights on subduction zone intermediate-depth asperities. Journal of Structural Geology 94, 240–57.Google Scholar
Menant, A, Angiboust, S, Monié, P, Oncken, O and Guigner, J-M (2018) Brittle deformation during Alpine basal accretion and the origin of seismicity nests above the subduction interface. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 487, 84–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menegon, L, Pennacchioni, G, Malaspina, N, Harris, K and Wood, E (2017) Earthquakes as precursors of ductile shear zones in the dry and strong lower crust. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 18, 4356–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Hara, KD (2001) A pseudotachylyte geothermometer. Journal of Structural Geology 23, 1345–57.Google Scholar
Okazaki, K and Hirth, G (2016) Dehydration of lawsonite could directly trigger earthquakes in subducting oceanic crust. Nature 530, 81–4.Google ScholarPubMed
Otsuki, K, Monzawa, N and Nagase, T (2003) Fluidization and melting of fault gouge during seismic slip: identification in the Nojima fault zone and implications for local earthquake mechanisms. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, B4, doi: 10.1029/2001JB1711.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozawa, K and Takizawa, S (2007) Amorphous material formed by the mechanochemical effect in natural pseudotachylyte of crush origin: a case study of the Iida-Matsuwaka Fault, Nagano Prefecture, Central Japan. Journal of Structural Geology 29, 1855–69.Google Scholar
Passchier, CW and Trouw, RAJ (1996) Microtectonics. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Pec, M, Stünitz, H, Heilbronner, R, Dury, M and Capitani, DE, C (2012) Origin of pseudotachylytes in slow creep experiments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 355, 299–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pelletier, L and Müntener, O (2006) High pressure metamorphism of the Lanzo peridotite and its oceanic cover, and some consequences for the Sesia-Lanzo zone (northwestern Italian Alps). Lithos 90, 111–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philpotts, AR (1964) Origin of pseudotachylytes. American Journal of Science 262, 1008–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, NA, Johnson, SE, Gerbi, CC and West, DP Jr (2012) Identifying deformed pseudotachylyte and its influence on the strength and evolution of a crustal shear zone at the base of the seismogenic zone. Tectonophysics 518–521, 63–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prieto, GA, Florez, M, Barrett, SA, Beroza, GC, Pedraza, P, Blanco, JF and Poveda, E (2013) Seismic evidence for thermal runaway during intermediate-depth earthquake rupture: seismic evidence for thermal runaway. Geophysical Research Letters 40, 6064–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravna, EJK, Andersen, TB, Jolivet, L and De Capitani, C (2010) Cold subduction and the formation of lawsonite eclogite-constraints from prograde evolution of eclogitized pillow lava from Corsica. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 28, 381–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray, SK (2004) Melt-clast interaction and power-law size distribution of clasts in pseudotachylytes. Journal of Structural Geology 26, 1831–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, CD, Kirkpatrick, JD and Brodsky, EE (2012) Fault rock injections record paleo-earthquakes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 335–336, 154–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, CD, Moore, JC and McKeiman, AW (2005) Large-scale pseudotachylytes and fluidized cataclasites from an ancient subduction thrust fault. Geology 33, 937–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scambelluri, M, Pennacchioni, G, Gilio, M, Bestmann, M, Plümper, O and Nestola, F (2017) Fossil intermediate-depth earthquakes in subducting slabs linked to differential stress release. Nature Geosciences 10, 960–6, doi: 10.1038/s41561-017-0010-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schenk, V (1980) U-Pb and Rb-Sr radiometric dates and their correlation with metamorphic events in the granulite-facies basement of the Serre, southern Calabria (Italy). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 73, 23–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimabukuro, DH, Wakabayashi, J, Alvarez, W and Chang, SC (2012) Cold and old: the rock record of a subduction initiation beneath a continental margin, Calabria, southern Italy. Lithosphere 4, 524–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sibson, RH (1975) Generation of pseudotachylyte by ancient seismic faulting. The Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomic Society 43, 775–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sibson, RH and Toy, VG (2006) The habitat of fault-generated pseudotachylyte: presence vs. absence of friction-melt. In Earthquakes: Radiated Energy and the Physics of Faulting (eds Abercombie, R, McGarr, A, Kanamori, H and Di Toro, G), pp. 153–66. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph no. 170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spray, JG (2010) Frictional melting processes in planetary materials: from hyper-velocity impacts to earthquakes. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 38, 221–54.Google Scholar
Stewart, CA and Miranda, EA (2017) The rheological evolution of brittle-ductile transition rocks during the earthquake cycle: evidence for a ductile precursor to pseudotachylyte in an extensional fault system, South Mountains, Arizona. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth 122, 10643–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takagi, H, Goto, K and Shigematsu, N (2000) Ultramylonite bands derived from cataclasite and pseudotachylyte in granites, northeast Japan. Journal of Structural Geology 22, 1325–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theunissen, K, Smirnova, L and Dehandschutter, B (2002) Pseudotachylytes in the southern border fault of the Cenozoic intracontinental Teletsk basin (Altai, Russia). Tectonophysics 351, 169–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toyoshima, T (1990) Pseudotachylite from the main zone of the Hidaka metamorphic belt, Hokkaido, northern Japan. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 8, 507–23Google Scholar
Ujiie, K, Yamaguchi, A, Kimura, G and Toh, S (2007) Fluidization of granular material in a subduction thrust at seismogenic depths. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 259, 307–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitale, S and Ciarcia, S (2013) Tectono-stratigraphic and kinematic evolution of the southern Apennines/Calabria-Peloritani Terrane system (Italy). Tectonophysics 583, 164–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitale, S, Ciarcia, S, Fedele, L and Tramparulo, FDA (2019) The Ligurian oceanic successions in southern Italy: the key to decrypting the first orogenic stages of the southern Apennines-Calabria chain system. Tectonophysics 750, 243–61, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2018.11.010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitale Brovarone, A, Beyssac, O, Malavieille, J, Molli, G, Beltrando, M and Compagnoni, R (2013) Stacking and metamorphism of continuous segments of subducted lithosphere in a high-pressure wedge: the example of Alpine Corsica (France). Earth-Science Reviews 116, 35–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, H, Li, H, Janssen, C, Sun, Z and Si, J (2015) Multiple generations of pseudotachylyte in the Wenchuan fault zone and their implications for coseismic weakening. Journal of Structural Geology 74, 159–71.Google Scholar
Wang, H, Li, H, Si, J, Sun, Z & Huang, Y (2014) Internal structure of the Wenchuan earthquake fault zone, revealed by surface outcrop and WFSD-1 drilling core investigation. Tectonophysics 619–620, 101–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wenk, HR, Johnson, LR and Ratschbacher, L (2000) Pseudotachylytes in the Eastern Peninsular Ranges of California. Tectonophysics 321, 253–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wex, S, Mancktelow, NS, Hawemann, F, Camacho, A and Pennacchioni, G (2017) Geometry of a large-scale, low-angle, midcrustal thrust (Woodroffe Thrust, central Australia). Tectonics 36, 2447–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zheng, Y, Li, H, Sun, Z, Wang, H, Zhang, J, Li, C and Cao, Y (2016) New geochronology constraints on timing and depth of the ancient earthquakes along the Longmen Shan fault belt, eastern Tibet. Tectonics 35, 2781–806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar