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Flood basalt structures and textures as guides to cooling histories and palaeoclimates: the Deccan Traps of Saurashtra, western India

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2022

Hetu Sheth Open the ORCID record for Hetu Sheth [Opens in a new window] ,
Raymond A. Duraiswami ,
Vivek Ghule ,
Anmol Naik Open the ORCID record for Anmol Naik [Opens in a new window]  and
Tarulata Das
Hetu Sheth*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai400076India
Raymond A. Duraiswami
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune411007India
Vivek Ghule
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai400076India
Anmol Naik
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai400076India
Tarulata Das
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai400076India
*
Author for correspondence: Hetu Sheth, Email: hcsheth@iitb.ac.in
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Abstract

The primary features (morphologies, structures, textures) of volcanic lava flows are determined by parameters such as composition, temperature, crystallinity, viscosity, flow velocity, strain rate and cooling rate. However, lava flows are open systems, and their primary features are strongly influenced by their emplacement environment. Among subaerial lava flows, those that solidify in a wet environment with rainfall develop very different internal structures (e.g. jointing patterns) and textures from those in a dry environment. Thus, the outcrop structures and textures of ancient lava flows, such as those forming continental flood basalt sequences thousands of metres thick, provide clues to their cooling histories and the palaeoclimates. Here we provide field, petrographic and geochemical data on large tholeiitic lava flows (sheet lobes) and associated dykes of the Saurashtra region in the northwestern Deccan Traps continental flood basalt province (India). The sheet lobes are dominantly pāhoehoe and rubbly pāhoehoe, and occasionally ‘a‘ā, with colonnade and entablature tiers. We show that the jointing patterns in the entablatures (irregular, chevron, rosette and skeleton jointing), and the textures of the sheet lobes and even some dykes (abundant glass, and quench crystals of plagioclase and Fe–Ti oxides) reflect convective heat removal, owing to widespread interaction with meteoric waters (rainfall) during solidification. The observations thus provide evidence for a wet climate in western India 65.5 million years ago.

Keywords

continental flood basaltDeccan Trapscolumnar jointingpalaeoclimatespalaeoenvironments
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 159 , Issue 8 , August 2022 , pp. 1415 - 1436
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

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