Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T16:57:28.866Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Geochemical characteristics of the Nyemo intrusion and crust–mantle interactions in southern Gangdese, Tibet

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 February 2020

Xiong Zhang Open the ORCID record for Xiong Zhang [Opens in a new window] ,
Xiaoyan Zhao Open the ORCID record for Xiaoyan Zhao [Opens in a new window] ,
Zhusen Yang ,
Yingru Pei  and
Miao Zhao
Xiong Zhang
Affiliation:
Beijing Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources, Beijing100012, China Deep Exploration Technic Center for Non-ferrous Mines, Beijing100012, China
Xiaoyan Zhao*
Affiliation:
MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing100037, China
Zhusen Yang
Affiliation:
MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing100037, China
Yingru Pei
Affiliation:
Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing100081, China
Miao Zhao
Affiliation:
MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing100037, China
*
Author for correspondence: Xiaoyan Zhao, Email: zxy19890926@163.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Gangdese magmatic belt across the southern Tibetan Plateau is juxtaposed with the Indus–Yurlung Zangbo suture zone (IYS), and many mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) are exposed in the belt, thus providing a window for observing deep crust–mantle processes related to the Indo-Asian collision. The Nyemo intrusion is located in the middle part of the Gangdese magmatic belt and comprises host diorites with abundant MMEs. Compared with other parts of the Gangdese magmatic belt, the host rock of the Nyemo intrusion has a mineral composition similar to that of the MME, although differences are observed in chemical contents. To explore the genetic type of the MMEs and the deep processes of the Gangdese magmatic belt, the Nyemo intrusion is selected as the research object for this paper. Here, we report zircon U–Pb geochronological and whole-rock geochemical data for host diorites and MMEs, and electron probe data for hornblendes in diorites and MMEs, and combine mineralogy, petrology, petrogeochemistry and isotope geochemistry analyses. Research has shown that diorites in the Nyemo intrusion belong to the medium-K, metaluminous series. The light rare earth elements (LREEs) and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) are significantly fractionated, and the LREE/HREE values are 5.77–7.71. The (87Sr/86Sr)i values of the diorites range from 0.704260 to 0.704287, and the εNd(t) values are from 3.73 to 4.17. The MMEs in the Nyemo intrusion have a limited range of SiO2 contents, are calc-alkaline with metaluminous affinity, and have relatively high contents of MgO (4.34–5.00 wt %) with Mg# (Mg2+/Mg2+ + Fe2+) values of 42.36–43.53, which is close to that of evolved basic magma. The contents of REEs vary from 108.87 to 120.59 ppm and show obvious Eu anomalies. The (87Sr/86Sr)i values of the MMEs range from 0.704680 to 0.704704, and the εNd(t) values are 0.35–3.74. The crystallization temperature of the hornblende in the diorite is 820 °C, the formation depth is 5.39 km, the oxygen fugacity is ΔNNO + 0.88 and the water content is 5.95 %. The crystallization temperature of the hornblende in the MMEs is 880 °C, the formation depth is 12.18 km, the oxygen fugacity is ΔNNO + 0.38 and the water content is 8.27 %. The Nyemo MMEs are formed by magma mingling, and originate from the partial melting of the depleted mantle, while the host diorite originates from partial melting of the juvenile crust with the addition of mantle material. The formation of the Gangdese magmatic belt is related to the Indo-Asian continental collision. The break-off of the subducted Neo-Tethyan oceanic plate triggered partial melting of the asthenosphere, which resulted in accumulation of the basaltic magma and then caused the partial melting of the juvenile crust with the addition of mantle material, thus forming a variety of granitic rocks and the large Gangdese magmatic belt.

Keywords

mineralogygeochemistrycrust–mantle interactionsNyemo intrusionGangdese magmatic belt
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 157 , Issue 11 , November 2020 , pp. 1747 - 1766
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amelin, Y, Lee, DC, Halliday, AN and Pidgeon, RT (1999) Nature of the Earth’s earliest crust from hafnium isotopes in single detrital zircons. Nature 399, 252–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, AT (1976) Magma mixing: petrological process and volcanological tool. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1, 3–33.Google Scholar
Anderson, JL and Smith, DR (1995) The effects of temperature and fO2 on the Al-in-hornblende barometer. American Mineralogist 80, 549–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbarin, B (2005) Mafic magmatic enclaves and mafic rocks associated with some granitoids of the central Sierra Nevada batholith, California: nature, origin, and relations with the hosts. Lithos 80, 155–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbarin, B and Didier, J (1992) Genesis and evolution of mafic microgranular enclaves through various types of interaction between coexisting felsic and mafic magmas. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 83, 145–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baxter, S and Feely, M (2002) Magma mixing and mingling textures in granitoids: example from the Galway Granite, Conemara, Ireland. Mineralogy and Petrology 76, 63–74.Google Scholar
Beard, JS (1986) Characteristic mineralogy of arc-related cumulate gabbros: implications for the tectonic setting of gabbroic plutons and for andesite genesis. Geology 14, 848–51.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belousova, E, Griffin, WL, O’Reilly, SY and Fisher, N (2002) Igneous zircon: trace element composition as an indicator of source rock type. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 143, 602–22.Google Scholar
Burg, JP and Chen, GM (1984) Tectonics and structural zonation of southern Tibet, China. Nature 311, 219–23.Google Scholar
Cai, FL, Ding, L, Laskowski, AK, Kapp, P, Wang, HQ, Xu, Q and Zhang, LY (2016) Late Triassic paleogeographic reconstruction along the Neo-Tethyan Ocean margins, southern Tibet. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 435, 105–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Candela, PA and Holland, HD (1984) The partitioning of copper and molybdenum between silicate melts and aqueous fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48, 373–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castro, A, Moreno-Ventas, I and Rosa, JDDL (1990) Microgranular enclaves as indicators of hybridization process in granitoid rocks, Hercynian belt, Spain. Geological Journal 25, 391–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chappell, BW (1996) Magma mixing and the production of compositional variation within granite suites: evidence from the granites of southeastern Australia. Journal of Petrology 37, 449–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chappell, BW and White, AJR (1974) Two contrasting granite types. Pacific Geology 8, 173–4.Google Scholar
Chappell, BW and White, AJR (1992) I- and S-types granites in the Lachlan fold belt. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 83, 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chappell, BW, White, AJR and Wyborn, D (1987) The importance of residual source material (restite) in granite petrogenesis. Journal of Petrology 28, 1111–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, CY and Frey, FA (1985) Trace element and isotopic geochemistry of lavas from Haleakala volcano, east Maui, Hawaii: implications for the origin of Hawaiian basalts. Journal of Geophysical Research 90, 8743–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, F, Hegner, E and Todt, W (2000) Zircon ages, Nd isotopic and chemical compositions of orthogneisses from the Black Forest, Germany –evidence for a Cambrian magmatic arc. International Journal of Earth Sciences 88, 791–802.Google Scholar
Chen, F, Li, XH, Wang, XL, Li, QL and Siebel, W (2007) Zircon age and Nd-Hf isotopic composition of the Yunnan Tethyan belt, southwestern China. International Journal of Earth Sciences 96, 1179–94.Google Scholar
Chen, F, Siebel, W, Satir, M, Terzioglu, N and Saka, K (2002) Geochronology of the Karadere basement (NW Turkey) and implications for the geological evolution of the Istanbul zone. International Journal of Earth Sciences 91, 469–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, T (2006) Geochemistry of the Qushui intrusive of Gangdese in Tibet and its implications for magma mixing. PhD thesis, China University of Geosciences, Beijing. Published thesis (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Chen, YJ, Price, RC and White, AJR (1989) Inclusions in three S-type granites from southeastern Australia. Journal of Petrology 30, 1181–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chu, MF, Chung, SL, Song, B, Liu, DY, O’Reilly, SY, Pearson, N, Ji, J and Wen, DJ (2006) Zircon U-Pb and Hf isotope constraints on the Mesozoic tectonics and crustal evolution of southern Tibet. Geology 34, 745–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, KG, Bell, JD and Pankhurst, RJ (1979) The Interpretation of Igneous Rocks. London: George Allen & Unwin, 2–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Hollanda, MHBM, Pimentel, MM and Sá, EFJ (2003) Paleoproterozoic subduction-related metasomatic signatures in the lithospheric mantle beneath NE Brazil: inferences from trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of Neoproterozoic high-K igneous rocks. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 15, 885–900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Defant, MJ and Drummond, MS (1990) Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere. Nature 34, 662–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodge, FCW and Kistler, RW (1990) Some additional observations on inclusions in the granitic rocks of the Sierra Nevada. Journal of Geophysical Research 95, 17841–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donaire, T, Pascual, E, Pin, C and Duthou, JL (2005) Microgranular enclaves as evidence of rapid cooling in granitoid rocks: the case of the Los Pedroches granodiorite, Iberian Massif, Spain. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 149, 247–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dong, GC, Mo, XX, Zhao, ZD, Zhu, DC, Song, YT and Wang, L (2008) Gabbros from southern Gangdese: implication for mass exchange between mantle and crust. Acta Petrologica Sinica 24, 203–10 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Dong, GC, Mo, XX, Zhao, ZD, Zhu, DC, Wang, LL, Chen, T and Li, B (2006) Magma mixing in middle part of Gangdise magma belt: evidences from granitoid complex. Acta Petrologica Sinica 22, 835–44 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Giret, A, Bonin, B and Léger, JM (1980) Amphibole compositional trends in oversaturated and undersaturated alkaline plutonic ring complexes. Canadian Mineralogist 18, 481–95.Google Scholar
Grasset, O and Albarede, E (1994) Hybridization of mingling magmas with different densities. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 121, 327–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, WL, Wang, X, Jackson, SE, Pearson, NJ, O’Reilly, SY, Xu, XS and Zhao, XM (2002) Zircon chemistry and magma mixing, SE China: in-situ analysis of Hf isotopes, Tonglu and Pingtan igneous complexes. Lithos 61, 237–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gui, XT, Cheng, ZL and Wang, JW (1982) A study on Rb-Sr isotopes in the intermediate-acid rock bodies of the Gangdise rock belt, Lhasa Xizang. Geochimica 3, 217–25 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Guo, LS, Liu, YL, Liu, HF, Liang, T, Wang, ZH and Chen, L (2011) Geochronology and petrogenesis of Molang intrusion, north of Sangye Temple, southern Gangdese magmatic belt. Acta Petrologica Sinica 27, 3545–56.Google Scholar
Hammarstrom, JM and Zen, E (1986) Aluminum in hornblende: an empirical igneous Geobarometer. American Mineralogist 71, 1297–313.Google Scholar
He, ZY, Xu, XS and Niu, YL (2010) Petrogenesis and tectonic significance of a Mesozoic granite-syenite-gabbro association from inland, South China. Lithos 119, 621–41.Google Scholar
Hollister, LS, Grissom, GC, Peters, EK, Stowell, H and Sisson, V (1987) Confirmation of the empirical correlation of Al in hornblende with pressure of solidification of calc-alkaline Plutons. American Mineralogist 72, 231–9.Google Scholar
Hou, KJ, Li, YH, Zou, TR, Qu, XM, Shi, YR and Xie, GQ (2007) Laser ablation-MC-ICP-MS technique for Hf isotope microanalysis of zircon and its geological application. Acta Petrologica Sinica 23, 2595–604 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Hou, ZQ, Duan, LF, Lv, YJ, Zheng, YC, Zhu, DC, Yang, ZM, Yang, ZS, Wang, BD, Pei, YR, Zhao, ZD and McCuaig, TC (2015) Lithospheric architecture of the Lhasa terrane and its control on ore deposits in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Economic Geology 110, 1541–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hou, ZQ, Gao, YF, Qu, XM, Rui, ZY and Mo, XX (2004) Origin of adakite intrusives generated during mid-Miocene east-west extension in southern Tibet. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 220, 139–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hou, ZQ and Wang, EQ (2008) Metallogenesis of the Indo-Asian collisional orogen: new advances. Acta Geoscientica Sinica 29, 275–92 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Hu, ZC, Liu, YS, Chen, L, Zhou, L, Li, M, Zong, KQ, Zhu, LY and Gao, S (2011) Contrasting matrix induced elemental fractionation in NIST SRM and rock glasses during laser ablation ICP-MS analysis at high spatial resolution. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 26, 425–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Y, Zhao, ZD, Zhang, FQ, Zhu, DC, Dong, GC and Mo, XX (2010) Geochemistry and implication of the Gangdese batholiths from Renbu and Lhasa area in southern Gangdese. Acta Petrologica Sinica 26, 3131–42 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Irvine, TN and Baragar, WRA (1971) A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 8, 523–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ji, WQ, Wu, FY, Chung, SL, Li, JX and Liu, CZ (2009a) Zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotopic constraints in petrogenesis of the Gangdese batholith, southern Tibet. Chemical Geology 262, 229–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ji, WQ, Wu, FY, Liu, CZ and Chung, SL (2009b) Geochronology and petrogenesis of granitic rocks in Gangdese batholith, southern Tibet. Science in China (Series D) 52, 1240–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jin, CW (1986) Enclaves in Qushui granite batholith, Lhasa, Tibet. Acta Petrologica Sinica 2, 23–32 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Johnson, MC and Rutherford, MJ (1989) Experimentally determined conditions in the fish canyon tuff, Colorado, magma chamber. Journal of Petrology 30, 711–37.Google Scholar
Jung, S, Hoernes, S and Mezger, K (2000) Geochronology and petrogenesis of Pan-African, sun-tectonic, S-type and post-tectonic A-type granite (Namibia): products of melting of crustal sources, fractional crystallization and wall rock entrainment. Lithos 50, 259–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kang, ZQ, Xu, JF, Wilde, SA, Feng, ZH, Chen, JL, Wang, BD, Fu, WC and Pan, HB (2014) Geochronology and geochemistry of the Sangri Group volcanic rocks, southern Lhasa Terrane: implications for the early subduction history of the Neo-Tethys and Gangdese magmatic arc. Lithos 200–201, 157–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kazemi, K, Kananian, A, Xiao, YL and Sarjoughian, F (2019) Petrogenesis of Middle-Eocene granitoids and their mafic microgranular enclaves in central Urmia-Dokhtar magmatic arc (Iran): evidence for interaction between felsic and mafic magmas. Geoscience Frontiers 10, 705–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemp, AIS, Hawkesworth, CJ, Foster, GL, Paterson, BA, Woodhead, JD, Hergt, JM, Gray, CW and Whitehouse, MJ (2007) Magmatic and crustal differentiation history of granitic rocks from Hf-O isotopes in zircon. Science 315, 980–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kind, R, Ni, J, Zhao, WJ, Wu, JX, Yuan, XH, Zhao, LS, Sandvol, E, Reese, C, Nabelek, J and Hearn, T (1996) Evidence from earthquake data for a partially molten crustal layer in southern Tibet. Science 274, 1692–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kocak, K, Zedef, V and Kansun, G (2011) Magma mixing/mingling in the Eocene Horoz (Nigde) granitoids, central southern Turkey: evidence from mafic microgranular enclaves. Mineralogy and Petrology 103, 149–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leake, BE (1990) Granite magma: their sources, initiation and consequences of emplacement. Journal of the Geological Society 147, 579–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leake, BE, Wooley, AR, Arps, CES, Birch, W and Gilbert, MC (1997) Nomenclature of amphiboles: report of the subcommittee on amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. The Canadian Mineralogist 35, 219–46.Google Scholar
Lee, CTA, Luffi, P, Chin, EJ, Bouchet, R, Dasguptam, R, Morton, DM, Roux, VL, Yin, QZ and Jin, D (2012) Copper systematics in arc magmas and implications for crust-mantle differentiation. Science 336, 36–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lei, M, Wu, CL, Gao, QM, Guo, HP, Liu, LG, Guo, XY, Gao, YH, Chen, QL and Qin, HP (2010) Petrogenesis of intermediate-acid intrusive rocks and enclaves in Tongling area and the application of mineral thermobarometry. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 29, 271–88 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Li, GW, Kohn, B, Sandiford, M, Xu, ZQ, Tian, YT and Seiler, C (2016) Synorogenic morphotectonic evolution of the Gangdese batholiths, south Tibet: insights from lower-temperature thermochronology. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 17, 101–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, GW, Kohn, B, Sandiford, M, Xu, ZQ and Wei, LJ (2015) Constraining the age of Liuqu Conglomerate, Southern Tibet: implications for evolution of the India-Asia Collision Zone. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 426, 259–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, HY, Chung, SL, Wang, YB, Zhu, DC, Yang, JH, Song, B, Liu, DY and Wu, FY (2007) Age, petrogenesis and geological significance of the Linzizong volcanic successions in the Linzhou basin, southern Tibet: evidence from zircon U-Pb dates and Hf isotopes. Acta Petrologica Sinica 23, 493–500 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Li, Z, Qiu, JS and Xu, XS (2012) Geochronological, geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic constraints on petrogenesis of Late Mesozoic gabbro-granite complexes on the southeast coast of Fujian, South China: insights into a depleted mantle source region and crust-mantle interaction. Geological Magazine 149, 459–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, L, Qiu, JS, Wang, RQ, Hong, YF and Xu, H (2018) Magma mixing in Oligocene granites from Nyemo, Tibet: implications for petrogenesis and continental crust accretion. Acta Geologica Sinica 92, 2388–409 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Liu, L, Qiu, JS and Li, Z (2013) Origin of mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) and their host quartz monzonites from the Muchen pluton in Zhejiang Province, Southeast China: implications for magma mixing and crust–mantle interaction. Lithos 160–161, 145–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, P, Mao, JW, Yao, W, Wang, XX, Jia, LH and Yang, HW (2017) Petrogenesis of the mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) and their host granodiorites from the Zijinshan intrusion along the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley: implications for geodynamic setting and mineralization. Lithos 288–289, 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, YS, Gao, S, Hu, ZC, Gao, CG, Zong, KQ and Wang, DB (2010b) Continental and oceanic crust recycling-induced melt-peridotite interactions in the trans-North China Orogen: U-Pb dating, Hf isotopes and trace elements in zircons from mantle xenoliths. Journal of Petrology 51, 537–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, YS, Hu, ZC, Zong, KQ, Gao, CG, Gao, S, Xu, J and Chen, HH (2010a) Reappraisement and refinement of zircon U-Pb isotope and trace element analyses by LA-ICP-MS. Chinese Science Bulletin 55, 1535–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ludwig, KR (2003) User’s Manual for Isoplot 3.00: A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Kenneth R. Ludwig.Google Scholar
Ma, XX, Meert, JG, Xu, ZQ and Zhao, ZB (2017) Evidence of magma mixing identified in the early Eocene Caina pluton from the Gangdese batholith, southern Tibet. Lithos 278–281, 126–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, XX, Xu, ZQ and Meert, JG (2016) Eocene slab breakoff of Neotethys as suggested by dioritic dykes in the Gangdese magmatic belt, southern Tibet. Lithos 248–251, 55–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattey, D, Lowry, D and Macpherson, C (1994) Oxygen isotope composition of mantle peridotite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 128, 231–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meng, E, Liu, FL, Liu, PH, Liu, CH, Yang, H, Wang, F, Shi, JR and Cai, J (2014) Petrogenesis and tectonic significance of Paleoproterozoic meta-mafic rocks from central Liaodong Peninsula, northeast China: evidence from zircon U-Pb dating and in situ Lu-Hf isotopes and whole-rock geochemistry. Precambrian Research 247, 92–109.Google Scholar
Meng, YK, Xu, ZQ, Santosh, M, Ma, XX, Chen, XJ, Guo, GL and Liu, F (2016) Late Triassic crustal growth in southern Tibet: evidence from the Gangdese magmatic belt. Gondwana Research 37, 449–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mo, XX, Dong, GC, Zhao, ZD, Guo, TY, Wang, LL and Chen, T (2005) Timing of magma mixing in the Gangdisê Magmatic Belt during the India-Asia collision: zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating. Acta Geologica Sinica 79, 66–76 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Mo, XX, Hou, ZQ, Niu, YL, Dong, GC, Qu, XM, Zhao, ZD and Yang, ZM (2007) Mantle contributions to crustal thickening during continental collision: evidence from Cenozoic igneous rocks in southern Tibet. Lithos 96, 225–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mo, XX, Zhao, ZD, Deng, JF, Dong, GC, Zhou, S, Guo, TY, Zhang, SQ and Wang, LL (2003) Response of volcanism to the India–Asia collision. Earth Science Frontiers 10, 136–48 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Perugini, D, Poli, G, Christofides, G and Eleftheriadis, G (2003) Magma mixing in the Sithonia Plutonic Complex, Greece: evidence from matic microgranular enclaves. Mineralogy and Petrology 78, 173–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plail, M, Edmonds, M, Woods, AW, Barclay, J, Humphreys, MCS, Herd, RA and Christopher, T (2018) Mafic enclaves record syn-eruptive basalt intrusion and mixing. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 484, 30–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qiu, JS, Wang, RQ, Zhao, JL and Yu, SB (2015) Petrogenesis of the early Jurassic gabbro-granite complex in the middle segment of the Gangdese belt and its implications for tectonic evolution of Neo-Tethys: a case study of the Dongga pluton in Xigaze. Acta Petrologica Sinica 31, 3569–80 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Reid, JB, Evans, OC and Fates, DG (1983) Magma mixing in granitic rocks of the central Sierra Nevada, California. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 66, 243–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renna, MR, Tribuzio, R and Tiepolo, M (2007) Origin and timing of the post-Variscan gabbro-granite complex of Porto (Western Corsica). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 154, 493–517.Google Scholar
Richards, J (2003) Tectono-magmatic precursors for porphyry Cu-(Mo-Au) deposit formation. Economic Geology 98, 1515–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridolfi, F, Puerini, M, Renzulli, A, Menna, M and Toulkeridis, T (2008) The magmatic feeding system of El Reventador volcano (Sub-Andean zone, Ecuador) constrained by texture, mineralogy and thermobarometry of the 2002 erupted products. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 176, 94–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridolfi, F, Renzulli, A and Puerini, M (2010) Stability and chemical equilibrium of amphibole in calc-alkaline magmas: an overview, new thermobarometric formulations and application to subduction-related volcanoes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 160, 45–66.Google Scholar
Schmidt, MW (1992) Amphibole composition in tonalite as a function of pressure: an experimental calibration of the Al-in-hornblende barometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 110, 304–10.Google Scholar
Shellnutt, JG, Jahn, BM and Dostal, J (2010) Elemental and Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of microgranular enclaves from peralkaline A-type granitic plutons of the Emeishan large igneous province, SW China. Lithos 119, 34–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sisson, TW, Grove, TL and Coleman, DS (1996) Hornblende gabbro sill complex at Onion Valley, California and a mixing origin for the Sierra Nevada batholith. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 126, 81–108.Google Scholar
Słaby, E and Martin, H (2007) Mafic and felsic magma interaction in granites: the Hercynian Karkonosze pluton (Sudetes, Bohemian Massif). Journal of Petrology 49, 353–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, SS and McDonough, WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications of mantle composition and processes. In Magmatism in the Ocean Basins (ed. Norry, MJ), pp. 313–45. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 42.Google Scholar
Tapponnier, P, Xu, ZQ, Roger, F, Meyer, B, Arnaud, N, Wittlinger, G and Yang, JS (2001) Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau. Science 294, 1671–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, SR and McLennan, SM (1985) The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 312 pp.Google Scholar
Temizel, I, Arslan, M and Abdiogˇlu, E (2014) Petrochemical evidence of magma mingling and mixing in the Tertiary monzogabbroic stocks around the Bafra (Samsun) area in Turkey: implications of coeval mafic and felsic magma interactions. Mineralogy and Petrology 108, 353–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tu, GZ, Zhang, YQ, Zhao, ZH and Wang, ZG (1981) Characteristics and evolution of granitoids of south Xizang (Tibet). Geochimica 1, 1–7 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Vernon, RH (1984) Microgranitoid enclaves in granites – globules of hybrid magma quenched in a plutonic environment. Nature 309, 438–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waight, TE, Maas, R and Nicholls, IA (2001) Geochemical investigations of microgranitoid enclaves in the S-type Cowra Granodiorite, Lachlan Fold Belt, SE Australia. Lithos 56, 165–86.Google Scholar
Wang, RQ, Qiu, JS, Yu, SB and Zhao, JL (2017) Crust-mantle interaction during Early Jurassic subduction of Neo-Tethyan oceanic slab: evidence from the Dongga gabbro-granite complex in the southern Lhasa subterrane, Tibet. Lithos 292–293, 262–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, EB (1976) Two-liquid partition coefficients: experimental data and geochemical implications. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 56, 119–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weidendorfer, D, Mattsson, HB and Ulmer, P (2014) Dynamics of magma mixing in partially crystallized magma chambers: textural and petrological constraints from the basal complex of the Austurhorn intrusion (SE Iceland). Journal of Petrology 55, 1865–903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wen, DR, Liu, DY, Chung, SL, Chu, MF, Ji, JQ, Zhang, Q, Song, B, Lee, TY, Yeh, MW and Lo, CH (2008) Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb ages of the Gangdese batholith and implications for Neotethyan subduction in southern Tibet. Chemical Geology 252, 191–201.Google Scholar
Wu, FY, Ji, WQ, Liu, CZ and Chung, SL (2010) Detrital zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic data from the Xigaze fore-arc basin: constraints on Trans Himalayan magmatic evolution in southern Tibet. Chemical Geology 255, 439–53.Google Scholar
Wu, FY and Zheng, YF (2004) Geogenic mineralogy of zircon and its restriction on U-Pb age interpretation. Chinese Science Bulletin 49, 1589–604.Google Scholar
Xiong, FH, Ma, CQ, Chen, L, Liu, B and Wang, LX (2010) Petrogenesis of mafic microgranular enclaves from Baiyashan A-type granites in Dabie orogenic belt and its geological implications. Mineral Petrology 30, 31–40.Google Scholar
Xu, B, Hou, ZQ, Zheng, YC, Wang, R, He, MY, Zhou, LM, Wang, ZX, He, WY, Zhou, Y and Yang, Y (2017) In situ elemental and isotopic study of diorite intrusions: implication for Jurassic arc magmatism and porphyry Cu–Au mineralization in southern Tibet. Ore Geology Reviews 90, 1063–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, H, Ge, WC and Zhao, GC (2015) Late Triassic intrusive complex in the Jidong region, Jiamusi–Khanka Block, NE China: geochemistry, zircon U–Pb ages, Lu–Hf isotopes, and implications for magma mingling and mixing. Lithos 224–225, 143–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, JH, Wu, FY, Wilde, SA, Xie, LW, Yang, YH and Liu, XM (2007) Tracing magma mixing in granite genesis: in situ U-Pb dating and Hf-isotope analysis of zircons. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 153, 177–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, SY and Jiang, SY (2013) Occurrence and significance of a quartz–amphibole schist xenolith within a mafic microgranular enclave in the Xiangshan volcanic-intrusive complex, SE China. International Geology Review 55, 894–903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, ZM, Hou, ZQ, Jiang, YF, Zhang, HR and Song, YC (2011) Sr-Nd-Pb and zircon Hf isotopic constraints on petrogenesis of the Late Jurassic granitic porphyry at Qulong. Acta Petrologica Sinica 27, 2003–10 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Yin, A, Dubey, CS, Kelty, TK, Webb, AAG, Harrison, TM, Chou, CY and Célérier, J (2010a) Geologic correlation of the Himalayan orogen and Indian Craton: part 2. Structural geology, geochronology, and tectonic evolution of the Eastern Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin 122, 360–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yin, A, Dubey, CS, Webb, AAG, Kelty, TK, Grove, M, Gehrels, GE and Burgess, WP (2010b) Geologic correlation of the Himalayan orogen and Indian craton: part 1. Structural geology, U–Pb zircon geochronology, and tectonic evolution of the Shillong Plateau and its neighboring regions in NE India. Geological Society of America Bulletin 122, 336–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yin, A and Harrison, TM (2000) Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogeny. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 28, 211–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, SB, Qiu, JS and Wang, RQ (2016) Petrogenesis of the Daju composite granite pluton in the middle segment of the Gangdese belt: constraints from zircon U-Pb ages, elemental geochemistry and Hf isotopes. Acta Petrologica Sinica 32, 3597–612 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhang, JJ, Wang, T, Castro, A, Zhang, L, Shi, X, Tong, Y, Zhang, Z, Guo, L, Yang, Q and Maria Iaccheri, L (2016) Multiple mixing and hybridization from magma source to final emplacement in the Permian Yamatu Pluton, the Northern Alxa Block, China. Journal of Petrology 57, 933–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, SH, Zhao, Y, Kroˇner, A, Liu, XM, Xie, LW and Chen, FK (2009) Early Permian plutons from the northern North China Block: constraints on continental arc evolution and convergent margin magmatism related to the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. International Journal of Earth Sciences 98, 1441–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, XH, Mao, Q, Zhang, HF, Zhai, MG, Yang, YH and Hu, ZC (2011) Mafic and felsic magma interaction during the construction of high-K calc-alkaline plutons within a metacratonic passive margin: the Early Permian Guyang batholith from the northern North China Craton. Lithos 125, 569–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, ZM, Dong, X, Liu, F, Lin, YH, Yan, R and Santosh, M (2012) Tectonic evolution of the Amdo Terrane, Central Tibet: petrochemistry and zircon U-Pb geochronology. The Journal of Geology 57, 431–51.Google Scholar
Zhao, L, Guo, F, Fan, WM, Li, CW, Qin, XF and Li, HX (2010) Crusta1 evolution of the Shiwandashan area in South China: zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic records from granulite enclaves in Indo–Sinian granites. Chinese Science Bulletin 55, 2028–38.Google Scholar
Zhao, ZH (1997) Principles of trace elements geochemistry. Science Press, 1–495 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Zheng, QR (1983) Calculation of the Fe3+ and Fe2+ contents in silicate and Ti-Fe oxide minerals from EPMA data. Acta Mineralogica Sinica 3, 55–62 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhou, S, Mo, XX, Dong, GC, Zhao, ZD, Qiu, RZ, Wang, LL and Guo, TY (2004) 40Ar/39Ar age framework of Linzizong volcanic rocks in Linzhou Basin, Tibet. Chinese Science Bulletin 49, 2095–103 (in Chinese).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, DC, Wang, Q, Zhao, ZD, Chung, SL, Cawood, PA, Niu, YL, Liu, SA, Wu, FY and Mo, XX (2015) Magmatic record of India-Asia collision. Scientific Reports 5, 14289. doi: 10.1038/srep14289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhu, DC, Zhao, ZD, Niu, YL, Mo, XX, Chung, SL, Hou, ZQ, Wang, LQ and Wu, FY (2011) The Lhasa Terrane: record of a microcontinent and its histories of drift and growth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 301, 241–55.Google Scholar
Zhu, DC, Zhao, ZD, Pan, GT, Lee, HY, Kang, ZQ, Liao, ZL, Wang, LQ, Li, GM, Dong, GC and Liu, B (2009) Early Cretaceous subduction-related adakite-like rocks of the Gangdese belt, southern Tibet: products of slab melting and subsequent melt-peridotite interaction? Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 34, 298–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, YF (1995) Forming mechanism of mafic microgranular enclaves in felsic magmatic rocks. Earth Sciences 20, 521–5 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zorpi, MJ, Coulon, C and Orsini, JB (1991) Hybridization between felsic and mafic magmas in calc-alkaline granitoids: a case study in northern Sardinia, Italy. Chemical Geology 92, 45–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar