I.—The Fundamental Problems of Petrogenesis, or the Origin of the Igneous Rocks

Franz Lœwinson-Lessing

doi:10.1017/S0016756800111343

I.—The Fundamental Problems of Petrogenesis, or the Origin of the Igneous Rocks

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 May 2009

Franz Lœwinson-Lessing

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Franz Lœwinson-Lessing: Affiliation:
Professor of Mineralogy and Geology, Polytechnic Institute, Sosnovka, St. Petersburg, Russia; For. Corr. Geol. Soc. London.

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The second fundamental problem of petrogenesis is the following question:—By what processes have there been derived, from the original magma or magmas, all other magmas known as igneous rocks? It is now almost universally admitted that many igneous rocks are genetically connected and produced from an original magma by differentiation, and that in many cases differentiation may be considered as liquation or separating into secondary magmas. But is differentiation (Spaltungen) alone sufficient to explain the formation of all igneous rocks? And by what is a magma stimulated to differentiation? These are two questions which must be elucidated. It must be first of all emphasized that not every magma is subject to differentiation. My standpoint is that the principal factors producing and regulating differentiation are on one side the process of crystallization (differentiation by crystallization, Krystallizations-differenzierung), and on the other the chemical composition of the magma and its tendency to the formation of eutectics (magmatic differentiation).

Type: Original Articles
Information: Geological Magazine , Volume 8 , Issue 7 , July 1911 , pp. 289 - 297

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800111343 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1911

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^{page 289 note 1} Lœwinson-Lessing, F., “Petrographical Notices. 4. Differentiation, Eutectics, and Entropy”: Ann. Inst. Polyt. St. Pétersbourg, vi, p. 279, 1906.Google Scholar

^{page 290 note 1} Harker, A., “The Tertiary Igneous Rocks of Skye”: Mem. Geol. Surv., 1904.Google Scholar Natural History of Igneous Rocks, p. 356.Google Scholar It must be remembered of course that Harker considers such cases as exceptional, and is an adversary of assimilation on a large scale.

^{page 290 note 2} Daly, R., “The Origin of Augite Andesite and of related Ultra-basic Rocks”: Jour. Geol., 1908, p. 401.Google Scholar

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^{page 291 note 8} Sauer, A., “Ueber petrographische Studien an den Lavabomben aus dem Ries“: Jahresh. Ver. vaterl. Nat. Württemb., lvii, 1901.Google Scholar

^{page 291 note 9} Michel-Lévy, A., Mémoire sur le porphyre bleu de I'Esterel, 1897.Google Scholar

^{page 291 note 10} Lacroix, A., Guide des excursions, Congrès de Paris, 1900.Google Scholar

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^{page 291 note 13} Gürieh, , “Granit u. Gneiss”: Himmel u. Erde, xvii, p. 6, 1905.Google Scholar

^{page 291 note 14} Högbom, A., “Pre-Cambrian Geology of Sweden”: Bull. Geol. Inst. Upsala, x, 1910.Google Scholar

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^{page 291 note 17} Cole, Grenville, Sci. Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. (2), vi, p. 246, 1897.Google Scholar The last two authors are cited after Harker, , Natural History of Igneous Rocks, p. 338.Google Scholar

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^{page 292 note 1} Brögger, W., Die Eruptivgesteine des Kristianiagebiets. III. Das Ganggefolge des Laurdalits. 1898.Google Scholar

^{page 292 note 2} Læwinson-Lessing, F., “Etudes de pétrographie générale, avec un mémoire sur les roehes éruptives d'une partie du Caucase Central”, p. 178: Trans. Soc. Nat. St. Pétersbourg, 1898.Google Scholar “Studien über die Eruptivgesteine”, p. 187: Compt. rend. VII Congr. Géol., 1899.Google Scholar See also the Proceedings of the Congress of St. Petersburg, p. elviii.

^{page 292 note 3} Læwinson-Lessing, F., “Petrographical Notices. 3. Is there a difference in the chemical composition of the intrusive and the effusive rocks?”: Ann. Inst. Polyt. St. Pétersb., vi, p. 274, 1906.Google Scholar

^{page 292 note 4} “Differentiation, Eutecties, and Entropy”: loc. cit.

^{page 293 note 1} Daly, E., “Origin of the Alkaline Rocks”: Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., xxi, p. 117, 1910.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 2} Læwinson-Lessing, F., Studien üher die Eruptivgesteine, p. 188.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 3} Ibid., p. 183.

^{page 293 note 4} Læwinson-Lessing, F., “Kritische Beiträge zur Systematik der Eruptivgesteine: I. Zur Chemie der Magmen”: T.M.P.M., xix, p. 299, 1900.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 5} “Studien über die Eruptivgesteine.”

^{page 293 note 6} Schweig, M., “Untersuchungen über die Differentiation der Magmen”: N.J., Beil. Bd., xvii, p. 516, 1903.Google Scholar

^{page 295 note 1} Sederholm, J., “Om Granit och Gneiss”: Bull. Comm. Géol. Finlande, No. 23, 1907.Google Scholar

^{page 296 note 1} Sederholm, J., “Om Granit och Gneiss”: Bull. Comm. Géol. Finlande, No. 23, 1907.Google Scholar

^{page 296 note 2} Lukaschewitch, O., The Inorganic Life of the Earth. Part II, The Life of the Rocks. St. Petersburg, 1909.Google Scholar

^{page 296 note 3} Branca, , Centralbl. f. Mineral., 1909, p. 135.Google Scholar

^{page 296 note 4} Haug, E., Traité de Gélogie.Google Scholar

^{page 296 note 5} Cited by Lacroix, , Mont Pelée, ii, p. 56.Google Scholar

^{page 296 note 6} Dutton, , The High Plateaux of Utah, 1880, p. 125.Google Scholar

^{page 296 note 7} Schwarz, E., “Hot Springs”: GEOL. MAG., 1907, No. 480, p. 258.Google Scholar

^{page 296 note 8} Delesse, , Etudes sur le métamorphisme, 1862, pp. 157–220.Google Scholar

^{page 297 note 1} Hunt, Sterry, “The Origin of the Crystalline Rocks”: Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, ii, p. 3, 1884.Google Scholar

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