Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T03:19:55.753Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Protolith nature and P–T evolution of Variscan metamorphic rocks from the Allahyarlu complex, NW Iran

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 March 2020

Mohssen Moazzen Open the ORCID record for Mohssen Moazzen [Opens in a new window] ,
Zohreh Salimi ,
Yann Rolland ,
Michael Bröcker  and
Robab Hajialioghli
Mohssen Moazzen*
Affiliation:
School of Arts and Sciences, University of Central Asia, Khorog, 736000, Tajikistan Department of Earth Sciences, University of Tabriz, 51666, Tabriz, Iran
Zohreh Salimi
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Tabriz, 51666, Tabriz, Iran
Yann Rolland
Affiliation:
Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, Géoazur, Sophia Antipolis, France
Michael Bröcker
Affiliation:
Institut für Mineralogie, Westfälische-Wilhelms Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
Robab Hajialioghli
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Tabriz, 51666, Tabriz, Iran
*
Author for correspondence: Mohssen Moazzen, Email: mohssen.moazzen@ucentralasia.org
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Metamorphic rocks associated with ophiolitic rocks occur on the eroded surface of a NW–SE-trending anticline in the Allahyarlu area, NW Iran, between the Caucasus and Zagros orogenic belts. Metapelitic rocks consist mainly of quartz, muscovite chlorite, altered biotite and garnet. S1 is the pervasive schistosity, wrapping garnet, which is folded by the second schistosity (S2). The amphibolite records only one phase of deformation as the main lineation. The rocks experienced metamorphism up to the amphibolite facies, then overprinted by greenschist facies condition. Thermobarometry indicates an average pressure of c. 5 kbar and an average temperature of c. 600 °C for the amphibolite facies metamorphism, corresponding to a ∼33 °C km−1 geothermal gradient in response to a thick magmatic arc setting. Greenschist facies metamorphism shows re-equilibration of the rocks during exhumation. Amphibolites whole rock geochemistry shows trace elements patterns similar to both island arc and back-arc basin basalts, suggesting that the protolith-forming magma of the amphibolites was enriched at shallow to medium depth of a subduction system. Negative Nb anomaly and slight enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) of the amphibolites indicate arc-related magmatism for their protolith and a back-arc sialic setting for their formation. 40Ar–39Ar dating on muscovite separated from two gneiss samples, and hornblende separated from three amphibolite samples, documents a Variscan (326–334 Ma) age. The magmatic and metamorphic rock association of the Allahyarlu area suggests the existence of an active continental margin arc during the Variscan orogeny, without clear evidence for a continental collision.

Keywords

metapeliteamphiboliteP–T estimatesactive continental marginVariscan orogenyNW Iran
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 157 , Issue 11 , November 2020 , pp. 1853 - 1876
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamia, SHA, Lordkipanidze, MB and Zakariadze, GZ (1977) Evolution of an active continental margin as exemplified by the Alpine history of the Caucasus. Tectonophysics 40, 183–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aghanabati, SA (2004) Geology of Iran. Tehran: Geological Survey of Iran, 708 pp. (in Persian).Google Scholar
Babakhani, AR and Nazer, NH (1991) Lahrud Geological Map. Tehran: Geological Survey of Iran.Google Scholar
Bagheri, S and Stampfli, GM (2008) The Anarak, Jandaq and Posht-e-Badam metamorphic complexes in central Iran: new geological data, relationships and tectonic implications. Tectonophysics 451, 123–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barzegar, A and Pourkermani, M (2011) Structural evolution of folded zone of Allahyarlu in western Alborz. Proceedings of the 21st Congress of Geological Sciences and 15th Congress of the Geological Survey of Iran, Urmia, Iran. Tehran: Geological Survey of Iran.Google Scholar
Berberian, M and King, GCP (1981) Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 18, 210–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, RG (1988) Internally-consistent thermodynamic data for minerals in the system Na2O-K2O-CaO-MgO-FeO-Fe2O3-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2-H2O-CO2. Journal of Petrology 29, 445–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blundy, JD and Holland, TJB (1990) Calcic amphibole equilibria and a new amphibole-plagioclase geothermometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 104, 208–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blundy, JD and Holland, TJB (1994) Non-ideal interactions in calcic amphiboles and their bearing on amphibole-plagioclase thermometry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 116, 433–47.Google Scholar
Boulin, J (1988) Hercynian and Eocimmerian events in Afghanistan and adjoining regions. Tectonophysics 148, 253–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchs, DM, Bagheri, S, Martin, L, Herman, J and Arculus, R (2013) Palaeozoic to Triassic ocean opening and closure preserved in Central Iran: constraints from the geochemistry of meta-igneous rocks of the Anarak area. Tectonophysics 172–173, 267–87.Google Scholar
Büttner, S and Kruhl, JH (1997) The evolution of a late-Variscan high-T/low-P region: the southeastern margin of the Bohemian massif. International Journal of Earth Sciences (Geologische Rundschau) 86, 21–38.Google Scholar
Coish, RA (1977) Ocean floor metamorphism in the Betts Cove ophiolite, Newfoundland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 60, 255–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Capitani, C and Brown, TH (1987) The computation of chemical equilibrium in complex systems containing non-ideal solutions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, 2639–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dercourt, J, Ricou, LE and Vrielynck, B (eds) (1993) Atlas Tethys, Paleoenvironmental Maps. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 307 pp.Google Scholar
Dickinson, MP III and Hewitt, DA (1986) A garnet-chlorite geothermometer. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 18, 584.Google Scholar
Dokuz, A (2011) A slab detachment and delamination model for the generation of Carboniferous high-potassium I-type magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: the Köse composite pluton. Gondwana Research 19, 926–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dokuz, A, Uysal, İ, Kaliwoda, M, Karsli, O, Ottley, CJ and Kandemir, R (2011) Early abyssal- and late SSZ-type vestiges of the Rheic oceanic mantle in the Variscan basement of the Sakarya Zone, NE Turkey: implications for the sense of subduction and opening of the Paleotethys. Lithos 127, 176–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eftekharnejad, J, Alavi-Naini, M and Behrouzi, A (1993) Geological Map of Torbate-Jam, Scale 1: 250,000 (one sheet). Tehran: Geological Survey of Iran.Google Scholar
Elliott, TR, Plank, T, Zindler, A, White, W and Bourbon, B (1997) Element transport from slab to volcanic front at the Mariana Arc. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 14991–15019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ernst, WG and Liu, J (1998) Experimental phase-equilibrium study of Al- and Ti-contents of calcic amphibole in MORB – A semi-quantitative thermobarometer. American Mineralogist 83, 952–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faryad, SW and Kachlik, V (2013) New evidence of blueschist facies rocks and their geotectonic implication for Variscan suture(s) in the Bohemian Massif. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 31, 63–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floyd, PA and Winchester, JA (1978) Identification and discrimination of altered and metamorphosed volcanic rocks using immobile elements. Chemical Geology 21, 291–306.Google Scholar
Galoyan, G, Rolland, Y, Sosson, M, Corsini, M, Bilio, S, Verati, C and Melkonyan, R (2009) Geology, geochemistry and 40Ar/39Ar dating of Sevan ophiolites (Lesser Caucasus, Armenia): evidence for Jurassic back-arc opening and hot spot event between the South Armenian Block and Eurasia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 34, 135–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gamkrelidze, I, Shengelia, D, Tsutsunava, T, Chung, S-L. Yichiu, H and Chikhelidze, KK (2011) New data on the U-Pb zircon age of the Pre-alpine crystalline basement of the Black-Sea-Central Transcaucasian Terrane and their geological significance. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences 5, 64–76.Google Scholar
Garrels, RM and Mackenzie, FT (1971) Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Gerdes, A, Wörner, G and Henk, A (2000) Post-collisional granite generation and HT–LP metamorphism by radiogenic heating: the Variscan South Bohemian Batholith. Journal of the Geological Society 157, 577–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghent, ED, Stout, MZ, Black, PM and Brothers, RN (1987) Chloritoid-bearing rocks associated with blueschists and eclogites, northern New Caledonia. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 5, 239–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Göncüoğlu, MC, Turhan, N, Şentürk, K, Özcan, A, Uysal, Ş and Yaliniz, MK (2000) A geotraverse across northwestern Turkey: tectonic units of the central Sakarya region and their tectonic evolution. In Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area (eds Bozkurt, E, Bozkurt, JA, Piper, JDA and Winchester, JA), pp. 139–61. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 173.Google Scholar
Graham, CM and Powell, R (1984) A garnet–hornblende geothermometer: calibration, testing, and application to the Pelona Schist, Southern California. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2, 13–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grambling, JA (1990) Internally-consistent geothermometry and H2O barometry in metamorphic rocks: the example garnet-chlorite-quartz. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 105, 617–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, TH and Hellman, PL (1982) Fe-Mg partitioning between coexisting garnet and phengite at high pressure, and comments on a garnet-phengite geothermometer. Lithos 15, 253–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hässig, M, Rolland, R, Sahakyan, L, Sosson, M, Galoyan, G, Avagyan, A, Bosch, D and Muller, C (2015) Multi-stage metamorphism in the South Armenian Block during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous: tectonics over south-dipping subduction of Northern branch of Neotethys. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 102, 4–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holdaway, MJ (2000) Application of new experimental and garnet Margules data to the garnet-biotite geothermometer. American Mineralogist 85, 881–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hynes, A and Frost, RC (1988) Empirical garnet-muscovite geothermometry in low-grade metapelites, Selwyn Range (Canadian Rockies). Journal of Metamorphic Geology 6, 297–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irvine, TN and Baragar, WRA (1971) A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 8, 523–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jamieson, RA, Beaumont, C, Fullsack, P and Lee, B (1998) Barrovian regional metamorphism: where’s the heat? In What Drives Metamorphism and Metamorphic Reactions? (eds Treloar, PJ and O’Brien, PJ), pp. 23–51. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 138.Google Scholar
Kargaranbafghi, F, Neubauer, F and Genser, J (2015) Rapid Eocene extension in the Chapedony metamorphic core complex, Central Iran: constraints from 40Ar/39Ar dating. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 106, 156–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khalatbari Jafari, M and Babaie, HA (2016) The geodynamics significance of the correlation of the Khoy ophiolites in northwest Iran with ophiolites in southeast Turkey. In Tectonic Evolution, Collision and Seismicity of Southwest Asia: In Honor of Manuel Berberian’s Forty-Five Years of Research Contributions (ed. Sorkhabi, R.), pp. 291–317. Geological Society of America Special Paper no. 525.Google Scholar
Kohn, MJ and Spear, FS (1989) Empirical calibration of geobarometers for the assemblage garnet + hornblende + plagioclase + quartz. American Mineralogist 74, 77–84.Google Scholar
Koppers, AP (2002) ArArCALC-software for 40Ar/39Ar age calculations. Computers and Geosciences 28, 605–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krogh, RE (2000) The garnet-clinopyroxene Fe2+-Mg geothermometer: an updated calibration. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 18, 211–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krogh, RE and Raheim, A (1978) Temperature and pressure dependence of Fe-Mg partitioning between garnet and phengite, with particular reference to eclogites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 66, 75–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kröner, U and Romer, RL (2013) Two plates – many subduction zones: the Variscan orogeny reconsidered. Gondwana Research 24, 298–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayringer, F, Treloar, PJ, Gerdes, A, Finger, F and Shengelia, D (2011) New age data from the Dzirula massif, Georgia: implications for the evolution of the Caucasian Variscides. American Journal of Science 311, 404–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moghazi, AM, Hassanen, MA, Hashad, MH and Mohamed, FH (2001) Garnet-bearing leucogranite in the El-Hudi area, southern Egypt: evidence of crustal anatexis during Pan-African low pressure regional metamorphism. Journal of African Earth Sciences 33, 245–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nabavi, MH (1976) An introduction to geology of Iran. Tehran: Geological Survey of Iran Publications, 109 pp. (in Persian)Google Scholar
Nagudi, B, Koeberl, C and Kura, G (2003) Petrography and geochemistry of the Singo granite, Uganda, and implications for its origin. Journal of African Earth Sciences 36, 73–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nikishin, AN, Ziegler, PA, Bolotov, SN and Fokin, PA (2011) Late Palaeozoic to Cenozoic evolution of the Black Sea-Southern Eastern Europe region: a view from the Russian platform. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 20, 571–634.Google Scholar
Okay, AI and Şahinturk, O (1997) Geology of the Eastern Pontides. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 68, 291–311.Google Scholar
Omrani, H, Moazzen, M, Oberhänsli, R, Tsujimori, T, Bousquet, R and Moayyed, M (2013) Metamorphic history of glaucophane-paragonite-zoisite eclogites from the Shanderman area, northern Iran. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 31, 791–812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otten, MT (1984) The origin of brown hornblende in the Artfjället gabbro and dolerite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 86, 189–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, JA and Cann, JR (1971) Ophiolite origin investigated by discriminant analysis using Ti, Zr and Y. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 12, 339–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, JA and Cann, JR (1973) Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using trace element analyses. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 19, 290–300.Google Scholar
Pearce, JA and Stern, RJ (2006) Origin of back-arc basin magmas: trace element and isotope perspectives. In Back-Arc Spreading Systems: Geological, Biological, Chemical, and Physical Interactions (eds Christie, DM, Fisher, CR, Lee, SM and Givens, S), pp. 63–86. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph Series, 166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, JA, Stern, RJ, Bloomer, SH and Fryer, P (2005) Geochemical mapping of the Mariana arc-basin system: implications for the nature and distribution of subduction components. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 6, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perchuk, A and Philippot, P (1997) Rapid cooling and exhumation of eclogitic rocks from the Great Caucasus, Russia. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 15, 299–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perchuk, LL, Aranovich, LY, Podlesskii, KK, Lavrant’eva, IV, Gerasimov, VY, Fed’kin, VV, Kitsul, VI, Karsakov, LP and Berdnikov, NV (1985) Precambrian granulites of the Aldan shield, eastern Siberia, USSR. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 3, 265–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raase, P (1974) Al and Ti contents of hornblende, indicators of pressure and temperature of regional metamorphism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 45, 231–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolland, Y (2017) Caucasus collisional history: review of data from East Anatolia to West Iran. Gondwana Research 49, 130–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolland, Y, Pernicek, D, Kaymakci, N, Sosson, M, Barrier, E and Avagyan, A (2012) Evidence for ∼80–75 Ma subduction jump during Anatolide–Tauride–Armenian block accretion and ∼48 Ma Arabia–Eurasia collision in Lesser Caucasus–East Anatolia. Journal of Geodynamics 56, 76–85.Google Scholar
Rolland, Y, Sosson, M, Sh, Adamia and Sadradze, N (2011) Prolonged Variscan to Alpine history of an active Eurasian margin (Georgia, Armenia) revealed by 40Ar/39Ar dating. Gondwana Research 20, 798–815.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rollinson, HR (1993) Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation. New York: Longman Scientific and Technical, 352 pp.Google Scholar
Romano, SS, Brix, MR, Dorr, W, Fiala, J, Krenn, E and Zulauf, G (2006) The Carboniferous to Jurassic evolution of the pre-Alpine basement of Crete: constraints from U-Pb and U-(Th)-Pb dating of orthogneiss, fission-track dating of zircon, structural and petrological data. In Tectonic Development of the East Mediterranean Region (eds Robertson, AHF and Mountrakis, D), pp. 69–90. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 260.Google Scholar
Rossetti, F, Monié, P, Nasrabadi, M, Theye, T, Lucci, F and Saadat, M (2017) Early Carboniferous subduction-zone metamorphism preserved within the Palaeo-Tethyan Rasht ophiolites (western Alborz, Iran). Journal of the Geological Society 174, 741–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saunders, AD, Storey, M, Kent, RW and Norry, MJ (1992) Consequences of plume-lithosphere interactions. In Magmatism and the Causes for Continental Breakup (eds Storey, BC, Alabaster, TS and Pankhurst, RJ), pp. 41–60. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 68.Google Scholar
Schmidt, MW (1992) Amphibole composition in tonalite as a function of pressure: an experimental calibration of the Al-in-hornblende barometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 110, 304–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şengör, AMC and Yilmaz, Y (1981) Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75, 181–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şengör, AMC, Yilmaz, Y and Sungurlu, O (1984) Tectonics of the Mediterranean Cimmerides: nature and evolution of the western termination of Palaeo-Tethys. In The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean (eds Dixon, JE and Robertson, AHF), pp. 77–112. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 17.Google Scholar
Shafaii Moghadam, H, Corfu, F, Stern, RJ and Lotfibakhsh, A (2018) The Eastern Khoy metamorphic complex of NW Iran: a Jurassic ophiolite or continuation of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone? Journal of the Geological Society 176, 517–29. doi: 10.1144/jgs2018-081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shafaii Moghadam, H, Ghorbani, G, Khedr, MZ, Fazlnia, N, Chiardia, M, Eyuboglu, Y, Santosh, M, Francisco, CG, Martinez, ML, Gourgaud, A and Arai, S (2014) Late Miocene K-rich volcanism in the Eslamieh Peninsula (Saray), NW Iran: implications for geodynamic evolution of the Turkish–Iranian High Plateau. Gondwana Research 26, 1028–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shafaii Moghadam, H, Li, XH, Ling, XX, Stern, RJ, Khedr, MZ, Chiardia, M, Ghorbani, G, Arai, S and Tamura, A (2015) Devonian to Permian evolution of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean: new evidence from U–Pb zircon dating and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes of the Darrehanjir–Mashhad “ophiolites”, NE Iran. Gondwana Research 28, 781–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shervais, JW (1982) Ti-V plots and the petrogenesis of modern and ophiolitic lavas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 59, 101–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Somin, ML (1991) Geological characteristics of the metamorphic complexes of the Great Caucasus. In The Petrology of Metamorphic Complexes of the Great Caucasus (ed. Korikovsky, SP), pp. 8–43. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Stampfli, GM (1978) Etude géologique générale de l’Elbourz oriental au sud de Gonbad-e-Qabus (Iran NE). PhD thesis, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland. Published thesis.Google Scholar
Stampfli, GM and Borel, GD (2002) A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrones. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 196, 17–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steiger, RH and Jäger, E (1977) Subcommission on geochronology: convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 36, 359–62.Google Scholar
Stein, E and Dietl, C (2001) Hornblende thermobarometry of granitoids from the Central Odenwald (Germany) and their implications for the geotectonic development of the Odenwald. Mineralogy and Petrology 72, 185–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, RJ, Morris, J, Bloomer, SH and Hawkins, JW (1991) The source of the subduction component in convergent margin magmas: trace element and radiogenic isotope evidence from Eocene boninites, Mariana forearc. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55, 1467–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stöcklin, J (1968) Structural history and tectonics of Iran: a review. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 52, 1229–58.Google Scholar
Stöcklin, J (1977) Structural correlation of the Alpine ranges between Iran and Central Asia. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France 8, 333–53.Google Scholar
Sudi Ajirlu, M and Moazzen, M (2014) The role of the Allahyarlu ophiolite in the tectonic evolution of NW Iran and adjacent areas (Late Carboniferous-Recent). Central European Geology 57, 363–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, SS and McDonough, WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In Magmatism in the Ocean Basins (eds Saunders, AD and Norry, MJ), pp. 313–45. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 42.Google Scholar
Topuz, G, Altherr, R, Kalt, A, Satir, M, Werner, O and Schwarz, WH (2004b) Aluminous granulites from the Pulur complex, NE Turkey: a case of partial melting, efficient melt extraction and crystallization. Lithos 72, 183–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Topuz, G, Altherr, R, Satir, M and Schwarz, WH (2004a) Low-grade metamorphic rocks from the Pulur complex, NE Turkey: implications for the pre-Liassic evolution of the Eastern Pontides. International Journal of Earth Sciences 93, 72–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Topuz, G, Altherr, R, Schwarz, WH, Dokuz, A and Meyer, H-P (2007) Variscan amphibolite-facies rocks from the Kurtoğlu metamorphic complex (Gümüşhane area, Eastern Pontides, Turkey). International Journal of Earth Sciences 96, 861–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Topuz, G, Göçmengil, G, Rolland, Y, Celik, ÖF, Zack, T and Schmitt, AK (2013) Jurassic accretionary complex and ophiolite from northeast Turkey: no evidence for the Cimmerian continental ribbon. Geology 41, 255–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, DL, Forbes, RB and Dillon, JT (1971) K–Ar geochronology of the south western Brooks Range, Alaska. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 16, 1789–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ustaömer, T and Robertson, AHF (1993) A Late Palaeozoic-Early Mesozoic marginal basin along the active southern continental margin of Eurasia: evidence from the central Pontides (Turkey) and adjacent regions. Geological Journal 28, 219–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ustaömer, T, Robertson, AHF, Ustaömer, PA, Gerdes, A and Peytcheva, I (2013) Constraints on Variscan and Cimmerian magmatism and metamorphism in the Pontides (Yusufeli–Artvin area), NE Turkey from U–Pb dating and granite geochemistry. In Geological Development of Anatolia and the Easternmost Mediterranean Region (eds Robertson, AHF and Ünlügenç, UC), pp. 49–74. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 372.Google Scholar
Walker, KR, Joplin, GA, Lovering, JF and Green, R (1959) Metamorphic and metasomatic convergence of basic igneous rocks and lime-magnesia sediments of the Precambrian of North-western Queensland. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia 6, 149–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, CD (1987) Saxonian granulites-igneous or lithogenous. A contribution to the geochemical diagnosis of the original rocks in high-metamorphic complexes. In: Grestenberger, H. ed., Contribution to the geology of the Saxonian granulite massif. ZFL-Mitteilungen 133, 221–250.Google Scholar
Whitney, D and Evans, BW (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. The American Mineralogist 95, 185–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodhead, JD (1989) Geochemistry of the Mariana arc (western Pacific): source composition and processes. Chemical Geology 76, 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, CM, Wang, XS and Yang, CH (2002) Empirical garnet-muscovite geothermometry in metapelites. Lithos 62, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, C-M and Zhao, G (2006) Recalibration of the garnet–muscovite (GM) geothermometer and the garnet–muscovite–plagioclase–quartz (GMPQ) geobarometer for metapelitic assemblages. Journal of Petrology 47, 2357–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zakariadze, GS, Karpenko, SF and Bazilev, BA (1998) Petrology, geochemistry and Sm-Nd isotopic age of Pre-Late-Hercynian paleo-oceanic complex of Dzirula salient of Transcaucasian massif. Journal of Petrology 6, 422–44.Google Scholar
Zanchi, A, Malaspina, N, Zanchetta, S, Berra, F, Benciolini, L, Bergomi, M, Cavallo, A, Javadi, HR and Kouhpeyma, M (2015) The Cimmerian accretionary wedge of Anarak, Central Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 102, 45–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zulauf, G, Romano, SS, Dorr, W and Flala, J (2007) Crete and the Minoan terranes: age constraints from U-Pb dating of detrital zircons. Geological Society of America Special Paper 423, 401–11.Google Scholar