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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 March 2019
We are living in a world in which the moral legitimacy of cultures, religions, ideologies, and the practices of states, international organizations, and even corporations is being measured against human rights norms. The moral significance of and practical respect for human rights has grown so much that human rights have been described as a global religion, and a new standard for civilization. International trade, a popular and much debated issue of our time, is one of those phenomena that is currently being measured against the standards of human rights. Leading experts remain divided about whether global trade is good or bad for human rights. There are those who are utterly convinced that the world trade regime has a mutual basis with human rights and see potential in the growth of one as a positive sign for the other. There are also those who, on the other hand, are equally convinced that human rights and international trade regimes are in a relationship of enmity.
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10 We first need to clarify a set of related words used in relation to sanctions that may cause confusion if left for the reader to define at will. Literature on the subject use different, but related, words such as “embargo,” “sanction,” “action,” “trade measures,” “trade restrictions,” “trade related action,” “human rights related sanctions,” and similar words and expressions to describe one common phenomenon. In the context of this comment these usages are meant to describe any actions or steps taken by members of the WTO which might conflict with their obligations under the agreements of the WTO. For different usages of the word, see Gudrun Monika Zagel, WTO & Human Rights: Examining Linkages and Suggesting Convergence 6–9 (Int'l Dev. L. Org., Voices of Dev. Jurists Paper Ser. Vol. 2, No. 2, 2005), available at http://www.worldtradelaw.net/articles/zagelhumanrights.pdf; Sarah H. Cleveland, Human Rights Sanctions and International Trade: A Theory of Compatibility, 5 J. Int'l Econ. L. 133, 189 (2002); Carlos Manuel Vászquez, Trade Sanctions and Human Rights—Past, Present, and Future, 6 J. Int'l Econ. L. 797 passim (2003) (distinguishing between general trade sanctions and tailored sanctions).Google Scholar
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