Throughout this note, rings are associative with identity element but are not necessarily commutative. Let R be a left and right Noetherian ring which has an Artinian (classical) quotient ring. It was shown by S. M. Ginn and P. B. Moss [2, Theorem 10] that there is a central idempotent element e of R such that eR is the largest Artinian ideal of R. We shall extend this result, using a different method of proof, to show that the idempotent e is also related to the socle of R/N (where N, throughout, denotes the largest nilpotent ideal of R) and to the intersection of all the principal right (or left) ideals of R generated by regular elements (i.e. by elements which are not zero-divisors). There are many examples of left and right Noetherian rings with Artinian quotient rings, e.g. commutative Noetherian rings in which all the associated primes of zero are minimal together with full or triangular matrix rings over such rings. It was shown by L. W. Small that if R is any left and right Noetherian ring then R has an Artinian quotient ring if and only if the regular elements of R are precisely the elements c of R such that c + N is a regular element of R/N (for further details and examples see [5] and [6]). By the largest Artinian ideal of R we mean the sum of all the Artinian right ideals of R, and it was shown by T. H. Lenagan in [3] that this coincides in any left and right Noetherian ring R with the sum of all the Artinian left ideals of R.

The variety O2 of all algebras (L; ∧, ∨, f, g, 0, 1) of type (2, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0) such that (L; ∧, ∨, f, 0, 1) and (L; ∧, ∨, g, 0, 1) are Ockham algebras is introduced, and, for n, m εℕ, its subvarieties DMSn, of double MSn-algebras, and DKn,m, of double Kn,m-algebras, are considered. It is shown that DKn,m has equationally definable principal congruences: a description of principal congruences on double Kn,m-algebras is given and simplified for double MSn-algebras. A topological duality for O2-algebras is developed and used to determine the subdirectly irreducible algebras in DKn,m and in DMSn. Finally, MSn-algebras which are reduct of a (unique) double MSn-algebra are characterized.

Applying Hopkins's Theorem asserting that each unitary right Artinian ring is right Noetherian, G. Köthe and K. Shoda proved the following theorem (cf. Köthe [7], p. 360, Theorem 1 and p. 363, Theorem 5): If R is a unitary right Artinian ring, then the following statements hold:

(i) Each nilpotent subring of R is contained in a maximal nilpotent subring of R.

(ii) The intersection of all maximal nilpotent subrings of R is the maximal nilpotent twosided ideal of R.

(iii) All maximal nilpotent subrings of R are conjugate.

In [10] we associate to a crossed module (T, G, მ) an invariant abelian crossed module H2(T, G, მ). The construction uses presentations by Set-free crossed modules. Now, Set-free crossed modules are special cases of totally free crossed modules, which are algebraic models of 2-dimensional CW complexes used by several authors (see [1] and [6]). The aim of this paper is to show that H2(T, G, მ) can also be constructed from presentations by arbitrary totally free crossed modules.

Let R be an integral domain with quotient field K. A fractional ideal I of R is a ∨-ideal if I is the intersection of all the principal fractional ideals of R which contain I. If I is an integral ∨-ideal, at first one is tempted to think that I is actually just the intersection of the principal integral ideals which contain I.However, this is not true. For example, if R is a Dedekind domain, then all integral ideals are ∨-ideals. Thus a maximal ideal of R is an intersection of principal integral ideals if and only if it is actually principal. Hence, if R is a Dedekind domain, each integral ∨-ideal is an intersection of principal integral ideals precisely when R is a PID.

Let B(X) denote the Banach algebra of all bounded linear operators on a Banach space X. Let t be an element of B(X), and let edenote the identity operator on X. Since the earliest days of the theory of Banach algebras, ithas been understood that the natural setting within which to study spectral properties of t is the Banach algebra B(X), or perhaps a closed subalgebra of B(X) containing t and e. The effective application of this method to a given class of operators depends upon first translating the data into terms involving only the Banach algebra structure of B(X) without reference to the underlying space X. In particular, the appropriate topology is the norm topology in B(X) given by the usual operator norm. Theorem 1 carries out this translation for the class of compact operators t. It is proved that if t is compact, then multiplication by t is a compact linear operator on the closed subalgebra of B(X) consisting of operators that commute with t.

Throughout this paper it is assumed that rings are associative, have the identity element, and all modules are left unital. R will denote a ring with identity, R-Mod the category of left R-modules, and for each left R-module M, E(M) (resp. J(M)) will represent the injective hull (resp. Jacobson radical) of M. Also, for a module M, A ⊆' M will mean that A is an essential submodule of M, and Z(M) denotes the singular submodule of M. M is called singular if Z(M) = M, and it is called non-singular in case Z(M) = 0. For fundamental definitions and results related to torsion theories, we refer to [12] and [14]. In this paper we shall deal mainly with Goldie torsion theory. Recall that a pair (G, F) of classes of left R-modules is known as Goldie torsion theory if G is the smallest torsion class containing all modules B/A, where A ⊆' B, and the torsion free class F is precisely the class of non-singular modules.

In this note, we establish a Schwarz–Pick type inequality for holomorphic mappings between unit balls Bn and Bm in corresponding complex spaces. We also prove a Schwarz-Pick type inequality for pluri-harmonic functions.

We prove that each positive power of the maximal ideal of a commutative Noetherian local ring is Tor-rigid and strongly rigid. This gives new characterizations of regularity and, in particular, shows that such ideals satisfy the torsion condition of a long-standing conjecture of Huneke and Wiegand.

A Banach space operator has property (δ) if and only if it is the quotient of a decomposable operator, equivalently, if and only if its adjoint has Bishop's property (β). Within this class of operators, it is shown that quasisimilarity preserves essential spectra.

It is well known that the category of finite groups has no non-trivial injective objects. In general, a group is said to be quasi-injective if for every subgroup H of G and homomorphism f:H → G there exists an endomorphism F:G → G such that F|H = G. In other words, a group is quasi-injective whenever each homomorphism from a subgroup into the group can be extended to the whole group.

Rings in which each right ideal is quasi-continuous (right π-rings) are shown to be a direct sum of semisimple artinian square full ring and a right square free ring. Among other results it is also shown that (i) a nonlocal right continuous indecomposable right π-ring is either simple artinian or a ring of matrices of a certain type, and (ii) an indecomposable non-local right continuous ring is both a right and a left π-ring if and only if it is a right q-ring. In particular, a non local indecomposable right q-ring is a left q-ring.

Let L^2_a (D, d\sigma d\theta /2\pi ) be a complete weighted Bergman space on the open unit disc D, where d\sigma is a positive finite Borel measure on [0, 1). We show the following : when \phi is a continuous function on the closed unit disc \bar {D}, T_\phi is compact if and only if \phi = 0 on \partial D.

1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 47B35, 47B07.

Using classification theorems ofsimple groups, we give a proof of a conjecture on factorized finite groups which is an extension of awell known theorem due to P. Hall.

We consider the primes which divide the denominator of the $x$-coordinate of a sequence of rational points on an elliptic curve. It is expected that for every sufficiently large value of the index, each term should be divisible by a primitive prime divisor, one that has not appeared in any earlier term. Proofs of this are known in only a few cases. Weaker results in the general direction are given, using a strong form of Siegel's Theorem and some congruence arguments. Our main result is applied to the study of prime divisors of Somos sequences.

Let H be a real Hilbert space and denote by S its unit sphere. Consider the nonlinear eigenvalue problem Ax + ε B(x) =δ x, where A: H → H is a bounded self-adjoint (linear) operator with nontrivial kernel Ker A, and B: H → H is a (possibly) nonlinear perturbation term. A unit eigenvector x0 ∈ S∩ Ker A of A (thus corresponding to the eigenvalue δ=0, which we assume to be isolated) is said to be persistent, or a bifurcation point (from the sphere S∩ Ker A), if it is close to solutions x ∈ S of the above equation for small values of the parameters δ ∈ ℝ and ε ≠ 0. In this paper, we prove that if B is a C1 gradient mapping and the eigenvalue δ=0 has finite multiplicity, then the sphere S∩ Ker A contains at least one bifurcation point, and at least two provided that a supplementary condition on the potential of B is satisfied. These results add to those already proved in the non-variational case, where the multiplicity of the eigenvalue is required to be odd.

We consider order and type properties of Marcinkiewicz and Lorentz function spaces. We show that if $0<p<1$, a $p$-normable quasi-Banach space is natural (i.e. embeds into a $q$-convex quasi-Banach lattice for some $q>0$) if and only if it is finitely representable in the space $L_{p,\infty}.$ We also show in particular that the weak Lorentz space $L_{1,\infty}$ do not have type $1$, while a non-normable Lorentz space $L_{1,p}$ has type $1$. We present also criteria for upper $r$-estimate and $r$-convexity of Marcinkiewicz spaces.

Let A={a1,…,an,a1−1,…,an−1} and iteration of A denoted by A[starf ] to be the set of words in A (including the empty word). Let S⊆A[starf ]; then the growth function of the set S is the function Γ(l)=number of words in S of length l. For m≤n let $\vec {a}$=(ai1,…,aim), where ik∈{1,…,n} are different; then the relative growth function with respect to $\vec {a}$ is the function Γ$\vec {a}$(l,l1,…,lm)=number of words in S of length l+l1+…+lm having (for each k) lk total occurrences of aik and aik−1.

This paper contributes to the classification problem of pq dimensional Hopf algebras H over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic 0, where p, q are odd primes. It is shown that such Hopf algebras H are semisimple for the pairs of odd primes (p, q)=(3,11),(3,13),(3,19),(5,17),(5,19),(5,23),(5,29),(7,17),(7,19),(7,23),(7,29),(11,29),(13,29).

We show that the set of complex numbers which are badly approximable by ratios of elements of the ring of integers in , where D ∈ {1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 19, 43, 67, 163} has maximal Hausdorff dimension. In addition, the intersection of these sets is shown to have maximal dimension. The results remain true when the sets in question are intersected with a suitably regular fractal set.