Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T06:31:37.217Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Experiments in global democracy: The cases of UNITAID and the FAO Committee on World Food Security

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 October 2015

MARKUS FRAUNDORFER
MARKUS FRAUNDORFER*
Affiliation:
Institute of International Relations, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lúcio Martins Rodrigues, s/n, travessas 4 e 5, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 05508-020, São Paulo, Brazil
*
*Email: fraundorfer@usp.br
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A growing literature explores how global governance mechanisms can be made more effective and democratic to tackle trans-boundary development challenges like global epidemics, global poverty or climate change. The international system today is characterized by an increasing influence of non-state actors gradually undermining the prominent role of the state. Considering this new reality, the focus of analysis has increasingly shifted towards examining the fundamental role of non-state actors, in particular from civil society, in building democratic global governance mechanisms. The literature still says little about joint governance efforts of both state and non-state actors to promote democracy on the global level. This article examines two global governance mechanisms, UNITAID and the FAO Committee on World Food Security, which were created by the joint action of state and non-state actors to tackle trans-boundary development challenges. Departing from the ideal type of democratic polycentrism this article argues that both mechanisms can be seen as encouraging experiments in global democracy. This analysis attempts to show that democratic polycentrism may prove to be a useful theoretical blueprint for pursuing more democratic global governance mechanisms and that more democracy on the global level depends on the joint activities of democratic states and civil society actors.

Keywords

civil societydemocratic polycentrismFAO Committee on World Food Securityglobal governanceUNITAID
Type
Research Article
Information
Global Constitutionalism , Volume 4 , Issue 3 , November 2015 , pp. 328 - 364
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 See, for instance: Pogge, T, World Poverty and Human Rights (Polity, Cambridge, 2002)Google Scholar; Barry, B, Why Social Justice Matters (Polity Press, Cambridge, 2005)Google Scholar; Young, IM, Responsibility for Justice (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011)Google Scholar; Risse, M, On Global Justice (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2012).Google Scholar

2 Sen, A, The Idea of Justice (Penguin, London, 2009) 342–3.Google Scholar

3 Nunn, A, The Politics and History of AIDS Treatment in Brazil (Springer, New York, NY, 2010).Google ScholarFraundorfer, M, Brazil’s Emerging Role in Global Governance: Health, Food Security and Bioenergy (Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2015).Google Scholar

4 Falk, R, ‘The promise and perils of global democracy’ in Archibugi, D, Koenig-Archibugi, M and Marchetti, R (eds), Global Democracy: Normative and Empirical Perspectives (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012) 279.Google Scholar

5 Dryzek, JS, ‘Two paths to global democracy’ (2008) 15(4) Ethical Perspectives 469–86Google Scholar; Macdonald, T, Global Stakeholder Democracy: Power and Representation Beyond Liberal States (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Scholte, JA (ed), Building Global Democracy? Civil Society and Accountable Global Governance (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Archibugi, Koenig-Archibugi and Marchetti (n 4); Gould, C, Interactive Democracy: The Social Roots of Global Justice (Kindle edn, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014).CrossRefGoogle ScholarStevenson, H and Dryzek, JS, Democratizing Global Climate Governance (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014).Google Scholar

6 See the following examples of this cosmopolitan view of global democracy: Held, D, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Polity, Cambridge, 1995)Google Scholar; Habermas, J, The Postnational Constellation: Political Essays, trans Pensky, M (Polity, Cambridge, 2001).Google Scholar

7 Bohman, J, Democracy across Borders: From Dêmos to Dêmoi (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2007).Google Scholar

8 It is beyond the scope of this article to explain in more detail the term ‘affected publics or communities’. Macdonald and Gould use the term ‘affected communities’ to refer to the possibility of representing those people who are particularly affected by specific decisions, rules or policies. For instance, global governance mechanisms could be structured in a way to represent particularly those people who suffer from food insecurity regardless of their national background or national borders. See for a more profound discussion Macdonald (n 5); C Gould, Interactive Democracy: The Social Roots of Global Justice (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014).

9 Young, IM, ‘Modest Reflections on Hegemony and Global Democracy’ (2004) 103 Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory 1, 4.Google Scholar

10 Ibid, 8.

11 Tully, J, ‘Modern Constitutional Democracy and Imperialism’ (2008) 46 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 461, 488.Google Scholar

12 D Archibugi, M Koenig-Archibugi and R Marchetti, ‘Introduction: Mapping Global Democracy’ in Archibugi, Koenig-Archibugi and Marchetti (n 4) 8–9.

13 See Hein, W and Moon, S, Informal Norms in Global Governance. Human Rights, Intellectual Property Rules and Access to Medicines (Ashgate, Farnham, 2013)Google Scholar; Fraundorfer (n 3).

14 Scholte, JA, ‘Civil Society and Democratically Accountable Global Governance’ (2004) 39(2) Government and Opposition 211–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarSaward, M, ‘In Place of “Global Democracy”’ (2008) 15(4) Ethical Perspectives 507–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarLord, JE, Suozzi, D and Taylor, AL, ‘Lessons from the Experience of U.N. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Addressing the Democratic Deficit in Global Health Governance (2010) 38 Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 564–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed Scholte, Building Global Democracy? (n 5). J Tallberg and A Uhlin, ‘Civil Society and Global Democracy: An Assessment’ in Archibugi, Koenig-Archibugi and Marchetti (n 4) 210–32.

15 K Macdonald, ‘Global Democracy for a partially joined-up world. Toward a multi-level system of public power and democratic governance?’ in Archibugi, Koenig-Archibugi and Marchetti (n 4) 183–209. Little, A and Macdonald, K, ‘Pathways to global democracy? Escaping the statist imaginary’ (2013) 39(4) Review of International Studies 789–813.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

16 Slaughter, AM, ‘Disaggregated Sovereignty: Towards the Public Accountability of Global Government Networks’ (2004) 39(2) Government & Opposition 159–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

17 Archibugi, D, ‘The Reform of the UN and Cosmopolitan Democracy: A Critical Review’ (1993) 30(3) Journal of Peace Research 301–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Imber, M, ‘The Reform of the UN Security Council’ (2006) 20(3) International Relations 328–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Silberschmidt, G, Matheson, D and Kickbusch, I ‘Creating a committee C of the World Health Assembly’ (2008) 371 The Lancet 1483–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

18 Some important studies on multi-stakeholder cooperation are the following: Bäckstrand, K, ‘Multi-stakeholder partnerships for sustainable development: rethinking legitimacy, accountability and effectiveness’ (2006) 16(5) Environmental Policy and Governance 290–306Google Scholar; Dingwerth, K, The New Transnationalism: Transnational Governance and Democratic Legitimacy (Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; S Antonova, Powerscape of Internet Governance: How was global multistakeholderism invented by ICANN? (VDM Verlag, Saarbrücken, 2008); Malcolm, J, Multi-stakeholder Governance and the Internet Governance Forum (Terminus Press, Perth, 2008)Google Scholar; Fuchs, D, Kalfagianni, A and Havinga, T, ‘Actors in private food governance: the legitimacy of retail standards and multistakeholder initiatives with civil society participation’ (2009) 28(3) Agriculture and Human Values 353–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Brown, GW, ‘Safeguarding deliberative global governance: the case of The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria’ (2010) 36(2) Review of International Studies 511–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Flyverbom, M, The Power of Networks: Organizing the Global Politics of the Internet (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

19 For more information on the UN Millennium Development Goals see <http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/> accessed 16 December 2014.

20 For an important study on the involvement of the NGO La Via Campesina in the reform and decision-making process of the FAO Committee on World Food Security see Brem-Wilson, JW, La Via Campesina and the Committee on World Food Security: A Transnational Public Sphere? (PhD Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011).Google Scholar

21 See also the emerging field of global administrative law as an alternative to the concept of global governance. See the following two examples: Cassese, S, ‘Administrative Law without the State? The Challenge of Global Regulation’ (2005) 37 International Law and Politics 663–94Google Scholar; Kingsbury, B, Krisch, N and Stewart, RB, ‘The Emergence of Global Administrative Law’ (2005) 68 Law and Contemporary Problems 15–61.Google Scholar

22 Väyrynen, R, ‘Norms, Compliance, and Enforcement in Global Governance’ in Väyrynen, R (ed), Globalization and Global Governance (Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD, 1999) 25.Google Scholar This is but one definition of global governance. In the vast literature on this subject many different and controversial notions exist of how to conceive of global governance.

23 Rosenau, JN, ‘Governance, order, and change in world politics’ in Rosenau, JM and Czempiel, EO (eds), Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992) 7–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

24 Little, A and Macdonald, K, ‘Pathways to global democracy? Escaping the statist imaginary’ (2013) 39(4) Review of International Studies 792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

25 Ibid.

26 Ibid, 789–92.

27 Ibid, 794.

28 The literature provided here is not exhaustive and constitutes only a small selection of examples. On human rights see: Pogge, T (ed), Freedom from Poverty as a Human Right: Who owes what to the very poor? (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007)Google Scholar; Fredman, S, Human Rights Transformed: Positive Rights and Positive Duties (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sen (n 2). On participation see: Pateman, C, Participation and Democratic Theory (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1970)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Macdonald (n 5); Smith, G, Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar On accountability see: Behn, RD, Rethinking Democratic Accountability (Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 2001)Google Scholar; Held, D and Koenig-Archibugi, M (eds), Global Governance and Public Accountability (Blackwell, Oxford, 2005)Google Scholar; Lewin, L, Democratic Accountability: Why Choice in Politics Is Both Possible And Necessary (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2007).Google Scholar

29 See (n 14 and n 18).

30 Goodhart, M, ‘Human Rights and Global Democracy’ (2008) 22(4) Ethics & International Affairs 400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

31 Ibid, 416.

32 Ibid.

33 Gould, C, Interactive Democracy: The Social Roots of Global Justice (Kindle edn, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014) 410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

34 For a more profound discussion on the codification of the human right to health see: Tobin, J, The Right to Health in International Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012)Google Scholar; J Wolff, The Human Right to Health (New York and London, Norton & Co, 2012); Hein, W and Moon, S, Informal Norms in Global Governance: Human Rights, Intellectual Property Rules and Access to Medicines (Farnham, Ashgate, 2013).Google Scholar For a more profound discussion on the codification of the human right to food see, for example: Atwood, B, Thompson, K and Willett, C, Food Law (3rd edn, West Sussex, Tottel, 2009)Google Scholar; A Alemanno and S Gabbi (eds), Foundations of EU Food Law and Policy (Farnham, Ashgate, 2014); McKeon, N, Food Security Governance: Empowering Communities, Regulating Corporations (Abingdon, Routledge, 2015).Google Scholar

35 See (n 33) 555.

36 Ibid, 2602.

37 For a discussion on the concept of solidarity among nation states see MacDonald, RSJ, ‘Solidarity in the Practice and Discourse of Public International Law (1996) Pace International Law Review 8(2) 259–302Google Scholar; Wolfrum, R and Kojima, C (eds), Solidarity: A Structural Prinicple of International Law (Springer, Heidelberg, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hestermeyer, H, König, D, Matz-Lück, N, Röben, V, Seibert-Fohr, A, Stoll, PT and Vöneky, S (eds), Coexistence, Cooperation and Solidarity (Leiden, Brill, 2012).Google Scholar

38 See (n 33) 2650.

39 Ibid, 2678.

40 Ibid.

41 Bexell, M, Tallberg, J and Uhlin, A, ‘Democracy in Global Governance: The Promises and Pitfalls of Transnational Actors’ (2010) 16(1) Global Governance 82.Google Scholar

42 Ibid, 87. J Tallberg and A Uhlin, ‘Civil Society and Global Democracy: An Assessment’ in Archibugi, Koenig-Archibugi and Marchetti (n 4) 216–17.

43 See (n 41) 87.

44 Ibid.

45 Tallberg and Uhlin (n 42) in Archibugi, Koenig-Archibugi and Marchetti (n 4) 218.

46 Ibid.

47 Ibid, 217.

48 See (n 33) 5792.

49 Ibid, 5821.

50 Ibid, 6491.

51 See (n 45) 211.

52 Ibid.

53 Ibid, 218–20.

54 Scholte, ‘Civil Society and Democratically Accountable Global Governance’ (n 14) 218–22.

55 Ibid, 230–2.

56 See (n 33), 4842–59.

57 Mueller, ML, Networks and States: The Global Politics of Internet Governance (Kindle edn, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2010) 60–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

58 Dick, AL, ‘Established democracies, Internet censorship and the social media test’ (2012) 28(4) Information Development 259–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

59 See (n 33) 5778.

60 Ibid, 5778–93.

61 The Internet, as any other technology, can also be abused by governments and big corporations in negative ways as the NSA surveillance scandals in 2014 illustrated very clearly. For further information see for example DeNardis’s comprehensive account of the dark side of the Internet: DeNardis, L, The Global War for Internet Governance (Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

62 UNITAID, ‘Annual Report 2013. Transforming Markets, Saving Lives’ (2013), available at <http://www.unitaid.org/media/annual_report/2013/UNITAID_Annual_Report_2013.pdf> accessed 8 September 2014.

63 Douste-Blazy, PH and Altman, D, Power in Numbers UNITAID, Innovative Financing, and the Quest for Massive Good (Public Affairs, New York, NY, 2010) 6.Google Scholar

64 UNITAID, ‘Factsheet: UNITAID, Increasing testing and treatment coverage for HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria market solutions’ (2012) 2, available at <http://www.unitaid.eu/images/Factsheets/EN_Factsheet_May_2012.pdf> accessed 8 September 2014.

65 Ibid.

66 See (n 63) 16. Talks exist about an international tax on financial transactions originally suggested by James Tobin in 1972. In 2004, the presidents of Brazil, Chile and France (founding members of UNITAID) came together to advance the international debate on international taxes. See K Wahlberg, ‘Progress on Global Taxes?’ (2005) Global Policy Forum, available at <https://www.globalpolicy.org/images/pdfs/SocEcon/2005/Global_Taxes/Dec05ProgressonGlobalTaxes.pdf>.

67 See (n 63) 6.

68 Ibid, 16.

69 Ibid, 17.

70 Since UNITAID forms part of the United Nations system it is prohibited from collecting donations from private individuals. To get access to the voluntary contributions, UNITAID created in 2008 the Millennium Foundation to collect the donations and channel them to UNITAID. Ibid, 51.

71 Ibid, 40.

72 Ibid, 43.

73 See (n 64) 1.

74 See (n 62) 10.

75 Ibid. Bermúdez, J and E ‘T Hoen, ‘The UNITAID Patent Pool Initiative: Bringing Patents Together for the Common Good’ (2010) 4 The Open AIDS Journal 37–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

76 Ibid.

77 See (n 62) 98.

78 See (n 64) 2.

79 R Silverman, ‘UNITAID’, Background paper prepared for the Working Group on Value for Money: An Agenda for Global Health Funding Agencies (Global Health Policy Program, Center for Global Development, 2013) 7.

80 See (n 62) 79–80.

81 Ibid, 80; see (n 63).

82 See (n 63) 34–5.

83 Oxfam, ‘Civil Society and UNITAID: An Introduction’ (2009) published on behalf of the Civil Society Delegations to the UNITAID Executive Board, 6, available at <http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/bp-civil-society-unitaid-english.pdf> accessed 24 September 2014.

84 Ibid. Track record on access to medicines, experience in representing those organizations affected by HIV/AIDS, malaria and TB, string advocacy and communication skills.

85 Ibid.

86 Ibid.

87 Ibid, 8. Members include among others Médecins Sans Frontières, Oxfam International, Health Action International, Health GAP USA, Knowledge Ecology International or the Global AIDS Alliance.

88 Ibid, 6–7.

89 Ibid, 7.

90 Ibid.

91 See <https://www.facebook.com/CSDelegationstoUNITAIDBoard> accessed 24 September 2014.

92 See, for instance, <http://lists.keionline.org/pipermail/ip-health_lists.keionline.org/2015-January/004732.html> accessed 21 June 2015.

93 See (n 63) 21, 24, 36.

94 Ibid, 24.

95 See (n 62) 55.

96 Bermúdez, J and E ‘T Hoen, ‘The UNITAID Patent Pool Initiative: Bringing Patents Together for the Common Good’ (2010) 4 The Open AIDS Journal 38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

97 Ibid.

98 Ibid, 38–9.

99 See (n 62) 55.

100 Ibid.

101 See (n 63) 64.

102 N Otwoma, ‘The Medicines Patent Pool and the Civil Society Delegations to UNITAID’ (2012), available at <http://pag.aids2012.org/session.aspx?s=101#3> accessed 16 December 2014. K Nichols, ‘What do the Civil Society Delegations at UNITAID do? How have they represented me?’ (2012), available at <http://pag.aids2012.org/session.aspx?s=101#3> accessed 16 December 2014.

103 See (n 64) 2.

104 See the list of the current members at <http://www.unitaid.eu/en/how/gov/expert-committees/7-home/home/996-proposal-review-committee-prc> accessed 24 September 2014.

105 UNITAID, ‘UNITAID Strategy 2013–2016’ (2013) 97, available at <http://www.unitaid.eu/images/strategy/UNITAID-Strategy_2013-2016-Full-English.pdf> accessed 24 September 2014.

106 See the official documents on the following website: <http://www.unitaid.eu/en/how/gov/in-country-consultations> accessed 15 January 2015.

107 The Communities’ Support Team, ‘Ensuring UNITAID products reach affected Communities’ (2012), available at <http://pag.aids2012.org/session.aspx?s=101#3> accessed 16 December 2014.

108 UNITAID, ‘Malawi and Viral-Load Testing – The Future of the HIV Response in Rural Areas?’ (2014), available at <http://www.unitaid.eu/en/resources/press-centre/stories/1372-malawi-and-viral-load-testing-the-future-of-the-hiv-response-in-rural-areas> accessed 15 January 2015.

109 UNITAID, ‘UNITAID in Uganda – A Photo Essay’ (2012), available at <http://unitaid.org/en/what/cross-cutting/21-news/stories/1219-unitaid-in-uganda-a-photo-essay> accessed 15 January 2015.

110 MMV, ‘UNITAID awards MMV-led consortium up to US$ 34 million (2012), available at <http://www.mmv.org/newsroom/news/unitaid-awards-mmv-led-consortium-us-34-million> accessed 15 January 2015. See also a short documentary about the project at <http://blog.unitaid.eu/post/89792514390/a-recent-episode-on-al-jazeeeras-global-health> accessed 15 January 2015.

111 DFID, ‘Multilateral Aid Review: Assessment of UNITAID’ (2011) 3, available at <https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/224801/UNITAID.pdf> accessed 25 September 2014.

112 V Fan, ‘Should UNITAID Rethink Its Raison d’Être?’, 17 September 2012, Global Health Policy Blog, available at <http://www.cgdev.org/blog/should-unitaid-rethink-its-raison-d%E2%80%99%C3%AAtre> accessed 23 September 2014.

113 See (n 111) 2–3.

114 Ibid, 3.

115 See (n 63) 69.

116 See (n 79).

117 See (n 1).

118 To reduce the prices of medicines on the global level Pogge suggested a public-good strategy which envisages that ‘results of any successful effort to develop […] a new essential drug are to be provided as a public good that all pharmaceutical companies may use free of charge’. Pogge, T, ‘Human Rights and Global Health: A Research Program’ (2005) 36(1–2) Metaphilosophy 188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

119 Seufert, P, ‘The FAO Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests’ (2013) 10(1) Globalizations 184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

120 FAO, ‘The establishment of a committee on World Food Security’ (1975) Resolution 21/75, available at <http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5589E/x5589e0c.htm#a.%20establishment%20of%20a%20committee%20on%20world%20food%20security> accessed 22 August 2013.

121 Action Aid, Caritas Spain, Engineering without Borders – Development Association and Prosalus (2010) ‘Towards a new governance in food security’ (2010) 54, available at <http://www.derechoalimentacion.org/sites/default/files/pdf-materiales/Towards%2520a%2520new%2520governance%2520in%2520food%2520security.pdf> accessed 2 July 2012.

122 Committee on World Food Security, ‘Committee on World Food Security. Thirty-Fourth Session. Proposals to Strengthen the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) to Meet New Challenges’ (2008), available at <ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/014/k3029e.pdf> accessed 14 October 2013. Committee on World Food Security, ‘Concept note and terms of reference for the Contact Group to assist with renewal of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS)’ (2009), available at <http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/cfs/background_docs/CFS_Contact_Group_TOR_final.pdf> accessed 2 July 2012.

123 The International Planning Committee for Food Sovereignty is an international network of NGOs and local communities involved in family agriculture.

124 The International Alliance against Hunger was called into life in 2003 by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), World Food Programme (WFP), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) to create a global network of CSOs and agriculture institutions in the fight against hunger and poverty.

125 FAO, ‘CFS Contact Group Documents’ (2012), available at <http://www.fao.org/cfs/workingspace/cfs-ws-home/en/> accessed 3 July 2012.

126 FAO, ‘Reform of the Committee on World Food Security. Final Version, 14, 15 and 17 October’ (2009) 2, available at <http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/cfs/Docs0910/ReformDoc/CFS_2009_2_Rev_2_E_K7197.pdf> accessed 2 July 2012.

127 Ibid, 2–3.

128 FAO, Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (FAO, Rome, 2012) 1.

129 Ibid, iv.

130 McKeon, N, ‘“One does not sell the land upon which the people walk”: Land Grabbing, Transnational Rural Social Movements, and Global Governance’ (2013) 10(1) Globalizations 110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

131 FAO, ‘Countries adopt global guidelines on tenure of land, forests, fisheries’, 11 May 2012, available at <http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/142587/icode/> accessed 5 April 2013.

132 CFS, ‘Principles for Responsible Investment in Agriculture and Food Systems’, Forty-First Session, 13–18 October 2014, available at <http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/cfs/Docs1314/rai/CFS_Principles_Oct_2014_EN.pdf> accessed 15 December 2014.

133 The members of the Advisory Group: UN Bodies: FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization); WFP (World Food Programme); IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development); Right-to-Food: Special Rapporteur on the right to food – Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights; UN High Level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis; UN Standing Committee on Nutrition (SCN); CSOs/NGOs: The World Forum of Fish Harvesters & Fish Workers (WFHFF); Mouvement International de la Jeunesse Agricole (MIJARC); Indigenous Caucus (ICAZA); World Alliance of Mobile Indigenous Peoples (WAMIP); International Agricultural Research Bodies: CGIAR Consortium; International Financial and Trade Institutions: World Bank; Private Sector/Philanthropic Foundations: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; International Agri Food Network. See <http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-home/cfs-about/cfs-members/en/> accessed 24 September 2014.

134 FAO, ‘The High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE)’ (2012), available at <http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/hlpe/hlpe_documents/HLPE_Key_elements_EN.pdf> accessed 22 August 2013.

135 Civil Society Mechanism, ‘The Committee on World Food Security (CFS): a guide for civil society’ (2012) 28, available at <http://www.csm4cfs.org/files/Pagine/1/csm_cfsguide_finalapr2012.pdf> accessed 9 September 2014.

136 Ibid, 40.

137 Duncan, J and Barling, D, ‘Renewal through Participation in Global Food Security Governance: Implementing the International Food Security and Nutrition Civil Society Mechanism to the Committee on World Food Security’ (2012) 19(2) International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food 151.Google Scholar

138 Committee on World Food Security, ‘Proposal for an International Food Security and Nutrition Civil Society Mechanism for Relations with CFS’ (2010), available at <http://www.csm4cfs.org/files/Pagine/1/csm_proposal_en.pdf> accessed 9 September 2014.

139 See (n 137) 152.

140 See (n 135) 40.

141 Ibid, 50–1.

142 Ibid, 50.

143 Ibid, 52.

144 Ibid, 40.

145 See (n 130) 109–10.

146 See (n 119) 183.

147 Ibid.

148 Ibid, 184.

149 See (n 119) 185.

150 Ibid.

151 Ibid.

152 CSM, ‘CS expressing concern for the rai principles content and their future implementation’, 15 October 2014, available at <http://www.csm4cfs.org/news/?id=189> accessed 16 December 2014.

153 ActionAid, ‘Twitter action helps shift US position in RAI negotiations’, 15 August 2014, available at <http://www.actionaidusa.org/2014/08/twitter-action-helps-shift-us-position-rai-negotiations> accessed 16 December 2014.

154 See (n 132) Principle 9iv.

155 See (n 137) 151.

156 Ibid.

157 Ibid.

158 See <http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-home/en/> accessed 24 September 2014.

159 See (n 135) 44.

160 Draft Terms of Reference for the Coordination Committee (n.d.) 2, available at <http://www.csm4cfs.org/files/2/cc_draft_terms_of_reference_en.pdf> accessed 9 September 2014.

161 See <http://www.csm4cfs.org/> accessed 15 September 2014.

162 See (n 160).

163 Ibid, 3.

164 See (n 137) 153–6.

165 As of mid-2015 the sub-region South Africa is not represented yet in the CSM’s Standing Committee. See <http://www.csm4cfs.org/coordination_committee-3/sub_regions-5/> accessed 28 September 2014.

166 P Mulvany and CH Schiavoni, ‘Draft Report. Evaluation of the CSM’ (2014) vi–vii, available at <http://www.csm4cfs.org/files/SottoPagine/120/draftexternalreportcsmevaluation_02june.pdf> accessed 25 September 2014.

167 Young, IM, Responsibility for Justice (Kindle edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011) 172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar