Impact statement
Autism is one of the developmental disorders of childhood. The first step in the early diagnosis of autism and its acceptance by the society should be to inform the society about this issue and increase their awareness. There are many studies on autism awareness and knowledge level of the society and some occupational groups. However, there are few studies on immigrant health, which is one of the most important public health problems today. With this study, we emphasized that the awareness of autism, which is a global problem, and the attention of the immigrant population, and the low level of knowledge of this population about autism, and the need for interventions. We compared the factors associated with autism knowledge level and the findings of the immigrant population with other studies conducted in the community. There is also a need for qualitative studies and political regulations on this subject.
Introduction
Autism was first described by Kanner (Reference Kanner1943). It is a developmental disorder with a range of symptoms, including repetitive behaviors and impaired verbal and nonverbal communication (Kanner, Reference Kanner1943). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 3 of the American Psychiatric Association (1989), autism is a common developmental disorder and is distinct from childhood schizophrenia and other psychoses (Le Couteur and Szatmari, Reference Le Couteur, Szatmari, Thapar, Pine, Leckman, Scott, Snowling and Taylor2015).
The prevalence of autism has increased significantly over the past decade, with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 500 reported between 1979 and 2006, and 1 in 161 reported in 2012 (Williams et al., Reference Williams, Higgins and Brayne2006; Elsabbagh et al., Reference Elsabbagh, Divan, Koh, Kim, Kauchali, Marcín, Montiel-Nava, Patel, Paula, Wang, Yasamy and Fombonne2012). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the prevalence of autism in children has risen sharply from 1 in 100 to 2006 to 1 in 88 in 2012, to 1 in 50 in 2013 (Control and Prevention, 2009; Autism and Investigators, 2012; Blumberg et al., Reference Blumberg, Bramlett, Kogan, Schieve, Jones and Lu2013). The increasing prevalence of autism is due to multiple factors. These include accuracy of case identification, expansion of diagnostic criteria, increased awareness and knowledge among relevant professionals and the environment and a real increase in incidence (Dillenburger et al., Reference Dillenburger, Jordan, McKerr, Devine and Keenan2013).
Due to the civil war that started in 2011 and continues today, forced migrations were experienced in Syria. Since 2015, Türkiye has been in the position of hosting a large number of refugees, with the majority being Syrians (DANIŞ and Dikmen, Reference DANIŞ and Dikmen2022). The number of immigrants worldwide is not to be underestimated. According to the most recent figures of the Directorate of Migration Management, on June 22, 2023, there were 3,344,092 registered Syrian individuals under temporary protection status in Türkiye. Approximately one-third of them are children aged 10 and under, born and raised in Türkiye. The efforts of the Child and Rights Protection Platform reveal that 46% of Syrian refugees in Türkiye experience basic issues such as education, 16% suffer from hunger, 7% face housing problems and 7% encounter health issues. For most refugee students, war, deprivation and fear have become the most familiar concepts (SARVAN and Emine, Reference Sarvan and Emine2020).
There is no epidemiological research on the prevalence of autism among the large mass of immigrants in Türkiye. Four studies have reported on the proportion of immigrants with autism in other countries (Gillberg et al., Reference Gillberg, Steffenburg, Börjesson and Andersson1987; Dyches et al., Reference Dyches, Wilder, Sudweeks, Obiakor and Algozzine2004; Kamer et al., Reference Kamer, Zohar, Youngmann, Diamond, Inbar and Senecky2004). One of these studies showed that there was a higher rate of autism among immigrants compared to nonimmigrants. In addition to the higher prevalence of autism among immigrants, these studies reported genetic disorders, higher rates of brain damage and increased exposure to infectious diseases (Dyches et al., Reference Dyches, Wilder, Sudweeks, Obiakor and Algozzine2004).
In a previous study, the satisfaction rates of parents of children with autism with existing services provided for children with autism in Syria were high. However, the same study found that the parents did not have knowledge about autism or appropriate services and no educational resources in their own language (Mounzer and Alkhteeb, Reference Mounzer and Alkhteeb2009). This lack of knowledge is important because the availability of psychoeducation and services for autism is underdeveloped (Dababnah et al., Reference Dababnah, Habayeb, Bear and Hussein2019). Considering the limited research on immigrant populations, there may be a lack of knowledge and awareness, although no definite conclusions can be drawn regarding the prevalence of ASD among immigrants (Bernier, Reference Bernier2021).
Although there are limited studies on the prevalence, awareness and knowledge of autism among immigrants, these families still exist and need health services. A limited understanding of cultural differences can alienate migrant families and lead to low adherence to treatment if interventions are inconsistent with a family’s cultural beliefs. At the beginning of the measures to be taken for this, it is important to understand the knowledge level and awareness of these people on autism.
This study was conducted to evaluate the autism knowledge level and awareness of individuals older than 18 years who applied to immigrant health centers in Istanbul, Gaziantep and Kilis, where the Syrian immigrant population is dense. It will guide the education, prevalence studies and other studies to be carried out for Syrian immigrants in the future.
Material and methods
Type of research
This study is a cross-sectional study.
Study population
This cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2022 and April 2023 in 896 immigrants. The sample of the research consists of immigrants residing in Türkiye and who applied to the immigrant health centers in Istanbul, Gaziantep and Kilis for any reason at the time of the research. The criteria for inclusion in the study were to be over the age of 18, to be a registered immigrant in Türkiye, and to have applied to the immigrant health center for any reason. Immigrant health centers daily 450 considering that the applicant applied, the sample size was calculated as 384 with a 95% confidence interval.
Measuring tools
A survey consisting of three parts was applied to the immigrant people face-to-face. Before the application of the survey, training was given to the appliers. All interviewers were native speakers of Arabic and administered the survey to the participants in Arabic. In the first part of the survey, sociodemographic questions such as age, sex, education level, marital status, income level and the number of children were included. Income status was evaluated as subjective. In the second part, basic questions about autism were asked, such as whether he had ever heard the word autism before, whether he had any autism in his family or around him, which of the possible causes of autism, and whether he knew which of the symptoms of autism. In the last part, it consists of three likert-type questions about knowledge level, consisting of 33 questions prepared by the researchers by scanning the literature and answered as ‘yes’, ‘no’, ‘I have no idea’. The knowledge level questions were scored as 1 for ‘yes’, 0 for ‘no’ and ‘I have no idea’ answers, and the average score was calculated. According to the average score, if it is below the average, the level of knowledge is interpreted as low, and if it is above the average, the level of knowledge is interpreted as high.
Statistical analysis
SPSS Program version 22.0 was used for statistical analysis. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages (%). For statistical analysis of the data, chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare the categorical variables between groups. The conformity of the variables to the normal distribution was examined using visual (histogram) and analytical methods (Kolmogorov–Smirnov/Shapiro–Wilk). Logistic regression analysis was performed by dividing the participants into two groups as those below the average and those above the average according to their average scores. Variables that were found to be significant in univariate analyzes were included in the logistic regression analysis. A p-value below 0.05 was considered significant statistically.
Results
Our research was completed with 896 participants. While 38.4% of the participants were female, 61.6% were male. The highest participation in the research was from Istanbul, 62.9% of them. Afterward, Gaziantep with 24.9% and Kilis with 12.2%. The great earthquake that occurred in Türkiye on February 6, 2023 seriously affected the participation rates in Gaziantep and Kilis regions. Then, 81% of the participants are married and 81.3% have at least one child. 35.9% of the participants, constituting the majority, stated that they were primary school graduates. When their income status was questioned, 73.8% of them stated that their income was less than their expenses. When asked if they have ever heard of autism developmental disorder, 34.4% stated that they had not heard of it before. When we asked if there was an individual diagnosed with autism in their family or environment, 86.2% of them answered no. The distribution of sociodemographic characteristics of the participants is shown in Table 1 in detail.
Table 1. Distribution of sociodemographic characteristics of participants
The distribution of the answers given by the participants when asked about the causes of ASD is shown in Figure 1. According to this, the answers were given that genetic factors were effective at most with 36.5%, followed by consanguineous marriage with 28%. Among other answers, GMO foods, malnutrition and other causes were mentioned.
Figure 1. Distribution of reasons of ASD according to participants.
When the participants were asked which symptoms of ASD they knew or not, the most; stated that they may experience social communication problems. Afterward, symptoms of repetitive behaviors, speech problems and inability to make eye contact were noted. Then, 5% of the participants stated the symptom of being unable to walk. The distribution of the answers given by the participants is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Distribution of possible symptoms of ASD.
Participants received one point for correct answers to knowledge questions, and zero point for answers they stated as incorrect or I do not know. Accordingly, the lowest 0 and the highest 33 points can be obtained. In this study, the median value of the scores of the participants was 13.00, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 18 points. According to this scoring, those who score below the median value have a low level of knowledge, and those who score above the median value are categorized into two classes. According to this, the difference between the place where the participants lived and their level of knowledge was found to be significant (p < 0.001). When the level of knowledge is examined according to whether they have children or not, it has been determined that those who have children show a significantly higher level of knowledge (p < 0.001). It was determined that the education and income levels of the participants also had significant effects on their knowledge level (p < 0.001). The comparison of autism knowledge levels according to their sociodemographic status is shown in Table 2 in detail.
Table 2. Autism knowledge level according to sociodemographic variables
Note: Bold values are significant with p < 0.05. CI− and CI+ are the lower and upper bounds of the 95% confidence interval. *Chi-square test.
Logistic regression analysis was performed with the variables found to be significant in univariate analyses. According to this, it was determined that the autism knowledge level of the immigrants participating in the research from Gaziantep region was 3.13 times (CI; 2.18–4.51), and the participants from Kilis region had a lower knowledge level of 3.07 times (CI; 1.95–4.84). The analysis results are shown in Table 3 in detail.
Table 3. Multivariate analysis of variables a
a Education status, marital status, income, have a child, Province included to the analysis. Bold values are significant with p < 0.05. CI− and CI+ are the lower and upper bonds of the 95% confidence interval.
Discussion
The quality of life of individuals with ASD and that of their caregivers increase significantly with early diagnosis and intervention. Early diagnosis and intervention are possible by increasing the awareness and knowledge level of society about autism. There are no studies on the knowledge level of autism among Syrian immigrants or the prevalence of autism in this minority population in Türkiye. Although Syrian immigrants are classified as a minority population, there are currently over 3 million Syrian immigrants living in Türkiye, according to data from the Directorate of Migration Management. Each individual with autism who is missed in terms of early diagnosis will create a significant burden both individually and socially in the future. This study, which was conducted to evaluate the knowledge level and awareness of Syrian immigrants of autism, aimed to reveal inspiring findings in the planning of awareness-raising activities for these individuals.
This study was carried out in three provinces (Istanbul, Gaziantep and Kilis), with the highest number of participants included in the study from Istanbul. A major earthquake that occurred on February 6, 2023 in Türkiye coincided with the time during which the study was conducted. The earthquake caused destruction in Gaziantep and Kilis and was one of the main reasons for the lower participation in these regions. In this study, the autism knowledge level of immigrants living in Istanbul was significantly higher than those of immigrants living in Gaziantep and Kilis, with 65.6% of the participants stating that they had heard the word autism. In a study on parents in Türkiye, 92.7% said they had heard the word autism (Can et al., Reference Can, Güner, Lüleci, Bağrıaçık, Karavuş, Arı, Hıdıroğlu and Altaş2021). In a study in Pakistan, 75.2% of participants had heard of autism before (Anwar et al., Reference Anwar, Tahir, Nusrat, Khan and Khan2018). In a study in Ireland on 1,205 members of the general population, 82% stated that they had heard of autism (Dillenburger et al., Reference Dillenburger, Jordan, McKerr, Devine and Keenan2013). The participants gave the answer that genetic factors were the most effective for autism symptoms. Similar to this study, in a study on pharmacists in Palestine, 61.4% of the participants stated that genetic factors were the cause of autism (Shawahna et al., Reference Shawahna, Fahed, Qadri, Sharawi, Soroghli and Dweik2017). In a study in China, most of the participants stated that inappropriate family education was the cause of autism, and the second was abnormal brain development (Wei et al., Reference Wei, Li, Zhang, Luo, Wang, Dong, Tao, Gong, Feng, Shi, Cao, Liu, Chen, Liu, Dai, Qu, Song, Chen, Li and Cheng2022).
In general, the median value of autism knowledge level was low among the Syrian immigrants. The knowledge levels of autism of participants who had children were significantly higher than those of participants who did not have children. This finding is in accordance with that of a study conducted in Zambia, where participants who had children had higher levels of awareness and knowledge (Chansa-Kabali et al., Reference Chansa-Kabali, Nyoni and Mwanza2019). This may be because those who have children show special interest in the characteristics of different conditions and treatment options. Parents may also have obtained some information from interactions with different materials, including prenatal and postnatal visits to family health centers and hospitals.
Although the education level of the participants was quite low, the most reported education level was being primary school graduate. After all, it was illiteracy. In this case, it is expected that the level of knowledge is low, and the relationship was found to be significant according to the level of education. In a study conducted in the general population in the United States, the autism knowledge level was found to be significantly higher in those with a high school or higher education level (Holt and Christensen, Reference Holt and Christensen2013). This is an expected situation since those with higher education levels will have easier access to information sources and easier to understand.
Most of the Syrian immigrants participating in this study are married. Autism knowledge levels were found to be significantly higher in those whose marital status was married than those who were single or divorced. In a study conducted with healthcare professionals in Iran, the marital status of married people is higher than those of single people with autism knowledge level (Effatpanah et al., Reference Effatpanah, Shariatpanahi, Sharifi, Ramaghi and Tavakolizadeh2019). In another study conducted in Ghana, no significant effect of marital status on autism knowledge was found (Sampson and Sandra, Reference Sampson and Sandra2018).
In this study, no significant relationship was found between whether or not there was a person diagnosed with autism in their families and relatives and their level of knowledge about autism spectrum disorder. Similarly, in a study conducted in Türkiye, it was determined that those who have relatives with autism do not show completely correct approaches about autism (Arslan, Reference Arslan2023). In the study of Töret et al., the knowledge level of those in their close circle with individuals diagnosed with autism was significantly higher (Töret et al., Reference Töret, Özdemir, Selimoğlu and Özkubat2014).
This research was carried out in order to determine the knowledge and awareness of Syrian immigrants about autism and to guide intervention studies on this issue. The research has some limitations and strengths. First of all, the research could not show an equal distribution in all three regions, and there was more participation in Istanbul. The biggest reason for this is the earthquake that took place in Gaziantep, Kilis region in Türkiye during the date of the research and caused destruction. Second, the autism knowledge levels of the participants were measured subjectively, and a scale with validity and reliability was not used.
The research is a strong study with the participation rate and the fact that it was conducted on Syrian immigrants living in Türkiye. In addition, the fact that the answers are made online and by people who know Arabic one-to-one is another strength.
Conclusion
Research on autism awareness over the past decade shows impressive progress in this regard. More research is needed at the community level to increase autism awareness. This study was conducted to determine the autism awareness and knowledge level of Syrian immigrants. The results of the study showed that there is low knowledge about autism among Syrian immigrants when compared to other social studies. The low level of knowledge and awareness of Syrian immigrants may cause them to be late in a possible situation that may occur in their children. This study will contribute both to interventions to improve the current situation and to early diagnosis of children.
Open peer review
To view the open peer review materials for this article, please visit http://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2024.45.
Data availability statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author.
Author contribution
Concept/design: M.A.S., S.D.; Data acquisition: M.A.S., S.D.; Data analysis and interpretation: S.D.; Drafting manuscript: S.D.; Critical revision of manuscript: M.A.S., S.D.; Final approval and accountability: M.A.S., S.D.; Supervision: M.A.S., S.D.; Securing funding (if available): n/a.
Competing interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Financial disclosure
The authors declared no financial support.
Ethical consideration
Prior starting to this study, Ethics Committee Approval and research permits were obtained from the Medipol University Ethics Committee with 1047 protocol number and 08/12/2022 dated, and the people who constituted the sample size of the research were asked to participate in the study after being informed about the research and permits. Our study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Open access
