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Finlandization: Paradoxes of External and Internal Dynamics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2014

Erkki Berndtson
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Extract

THE POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL MAP OF EUROPE CHANGED dramatically during 1989 and 1990. Recent developments have totally demolished the old rules and beliefs that have guided relations between nations. Although some scholars have even argued about the final victory of liberalism, contemporary international relations are nevertheless far from unproblematic. The internal development of former European socialist societies is not yet complete and the North-South conflict seems to be intensifying. Relations between small and big nations still often threaten stability in the contemporary world.

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Articles
Information
Government and Opposition , Volume 26 , Issue 1 , 01 January 1991 , pp. 21 - 33
Copyright
Copyright © Government and Opposition Ltd 1991

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References

1 Fukuyama, Frank, ‘The End of History?’, The National Interest, No. 16, Summer 1989 Google Scholar.

2 For an early example of this, see, e. g., Harrison, Selig S., ‘Dateline Afghanistan: Exit through Finland?’, Foreign Policy, No. 41, 1980–81Google Scholar.

3 On the history of the ‘Finlandization’ debate, see Hakovirta, Harto, Suomettuminen, Gummerus, Jyväskylä, 1975 Google Scholar.

4 Laqueur, Walter, Europa vor der Entscheidung, Kindler Verlag, Darmstadt, 1987 Google Scholar.

5 Ørvik, Nils, Sicherheit auf Finnisch, Seewald-Verlag, Stuttgart-Degerloch, 1972 Google Scholar.

6 Minc, Alain, Le syndrome finlandais, Editions de Seuil, Paris, 1986 Google Scholar.

7 Väyrynen, Raimo, Stability and Change in Finnish Foreign Policy, Department of Political Science, University of Helsinki, Research Reports, No. 70, 1986, p. 13 Google Scholar.

8 Jutila, Sakari, Finlandization for Finland and the World, European Research Association, Bloomington, 1983, p. 3 Google Scholar.

9 Kennan, George F., ‘Europe’s Problems, Europe’s Choices’, Foreign Policy, No. 14, 1974 Google Scholar. See also, Maude, George, The Finnish Dilemma. Neutrality in the Shadow of Power, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 1976 Google Scholar and Krosby, Peter, Kekkosen linja. Suomi ja Neuvostoliitto 1944–1978, Gummerus, Jyväskylä, 1978 Google Scholar.

10 See, e. g., Jutila, op. cit., p. 57.

11 The only recent book on Finnish politics by a foreign author is, Arter, David, Politics and Policy-Making in Finland, Wheatsheaf, Brighton, 1987 Google Scholar.

12 Mouritzen, Hans, Finlandization: Towards a General Theory of Adaptive Politics, Avebury, Aldershot, 1988 Google Scholar.

13 Jutila, op. cit., p. 56.

14 Väyrynen, op. cit., p. 3.

15 Väyrynen, op. cit., p. 14.

16 See, e. g., Jutila, op. cit., p. 15.

17 Taken from Statistical Yearbooks of Finland, Central Statistical Office of Finland, Helsiki.

18 See, e. g., World Development Report 1989, published for the World Bank, Oxford University Press, New York, 1989, p. 165.

19 See, e. g., Kivikuru, Ullamaija, ‘Tuonnista mallinnukseen’, Politiikka, No. 2, 1985 Google Scholar.

20 See, e. g., Paakkunainen, Kari, ‘A Periphery in Search for a Center: The Early Years of the Finnish Political Science Association’, in Anckar, Dag and Berndtson, Erkki (eds), Political Science between the Post and the Future. Essays to Mark the 50th Anniversary of the Finnish Political Science Association. The Finnish Political Science Association, Helsinki, 1988 Google Scholar.

21 Väyrynen, op. cit., p. 15.

22 Kauneela, Markku, ‘Suomi ulkomaisen lehdistön silmin vuosina 1976–82’, Ulkopolitiikka, No. 2, 1986 Google Scholar.

23 See, e. g., Alestalo, Matti and Uusitalo, Hannu, ‘Finland’, in Flora, Peter(ed.), Growth to Limits, Vol. 1, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1986 Google Scholar.

24 Cf. Arter, op. cit.

25 Cf. Väyrynen, op. cit., p. 156.

26 It is interesting that the first signs of criticism along these lines using the concept of Finlandization have recently made their first appearance in the Finnish political discussion, see, J. P. Roose, ‘Suomalaisen sivistyneistön vararikko’, Tiede and Edistys, No. 2, 1990.