Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 April 2011
The emperor displayed his role as commander-in-chief through his actions as the soldiers' supreme benefactor, martial portraits on the coinage and imperial art, and speeches to particular army units. The fortunate survival of the text of Hadrian's speech at Lambaesis provides us with an exceptional record of how the emperor showed both an awareness of military techniques and empathy for the rigours of army life. In times of crisis, the emperor could address the soldiers directly, in order to ensure their continuing support for his rule. As a study on imperial witticisms has shown, what the emperor said was as important as what he did for the purpose of defining his role within the Principate.
* I am greatly indebted to Professor Brian Campbell, whose encouragement and guidance brought this article to fruition. I also wish to express my gratitude to Dr John Curran and the anonymous reviewer for their comments on an earlier draft.